Animals And Locations Of Sprague Dawley Essay

The author emphasizes in biological difference between human beings and animals meaning drugs safe for animals might not be safe for humans. It argues that the FDA should not mandate animal testing and should look to the alternative methods for evidence that supports drug approval. Author suggests many alternative methods other then animal testing that can make drugs more efficient and safe for human use, consequently saving animals from experimental cruelty which provides excellent quotations for the research paper.

Animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures, treatments, and major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, childhood leukemia, brain injuries, cystic fibrosis, malaria, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and many others, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. Using animals as research subjects is appropriate because they are similar to human beings in many ways.

Male AP+ Tg Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 350-450 g will be used in this study. There will be a total of 40 rats which will be divided into four groups with ten in each group. Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.

Pharmacokinetic profiling of LBH589: Initial pharmacokinetic studies were performed using C57/BL6 mice. Mice were given a single ip injection of 10 mg/kg LBH589, sacrificed at 0.08, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr post-dosing (n=3 at each time point) and brain and plasma levels were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (LOQ= 1-6 pmol/mL in plasma, 23 pmol/g in brain). The compound was rapidly eliminated from the systemic circulation (Fig 1A). Although brain penetration was limited early, the brain to plasma ratio increased favorably with time, from 0.04 at five minutes to 0.59 at 2 hours to 3.66 at 24 hours post injection. The half-life of the compound was 7.6 hr in plasma and 15 hr in brain. Brain and plasma levels in R6/2 HD mice were comparable to wild-type mice. Two hours after injection, the average plasma and brain levels in R6/2 mice (n=5) were 319 + 85 pmoles/ml and 110 + 51 pmoles/g respectively (Fig 1B).

Fifty twelve week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were kept at 22-23 °C. Water was kept in glass bottles and cages were lined with wood bedding. The rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups (10 rats/group). Groups 1 and 5 were control groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were the test groups.

(1989b) indicates that the originally-selected high dose level of 0.3 mg/kg-d was initiated and because “no observable effects were apparent after 10 weeks of exposure”, this dose was increased to 0.4 mg/kg throughout the remainder of the study. The mating period covered as long as two weeks. Because it is specified that both male and female rats were dosed before and during mating as well as through gestation, because the manuscript indicates that male and female rats were dosed 5 days per week prior to gestation, and that pregnant dams were dosed 7 days per week during gestation, it is assumed that male rats were dosed 5 days per week during gestation, as during the mating and pre-mating period. The range of durations in based on the unspecified duration of the mating period, indicated as one or two weeks. The duration of exposure for F0 male rats is 17 or 18 weeks (13 weeks premating, one or two weeks mating, three weeks’ gestation), administered 5 days

This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of research that just are not feasible to do with human subjects; therefore the justification for non-human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using animals, many animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE). It is the responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed (“Committee on animal,” 2014). Due to the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification, housing of said animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to reduce the unnecessary usage of animals in testing.

Group II: Diabetic control rats. Received daily i.p injection of freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg b.w) dissolved in saline solution for five consecutive days.

All rats will be slaughtered eight days after infusion and perfused in transcardial manner with 200 ml, 0.9% NaCl proceeded by 300 ml 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1 Molar phosphate buffer having 0.1% glutaraldehyde.

As society grows with age, it strives to advance in all areas of life. With the turn of the century, a major advancement in all aspects of science, including medicine, is to use laboratory animals to test potentially dangerous substances and research if the substances would be compatible with humans. Many people have issues with animal testing as they believe it is inhumane to use animals to put them in potentially dangerous situations. However, much progress has been made using animal research. The information gained from animal research has paved the road to everything from hair restoration to cancer treatments. Animal research has progressed humanity into new levels it could only dream of and should remain an essential practice.

In this method Albino Wister Rats were fasted in metabolic cages for 24 h. Care was

Before proceeding with experimentation, the researchers had their procedure approved by a local animal experiment committee. The researchers proposed procedures followed all the national and institutional guidelines that the animal experiment committee enforces.

DEX suppressed (n=3 rats): Rats received rat chow, DEX (.024mg/liter), and tetracycline (500mg/liter) in the drinking water for 8 days, starting from 21 days of age to 29 days of age.

Diabetes mellitus being a metabolic disorder shows a variety of characteristic biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Rats induced with diabetes mellitus by a single intra peritoneal injection of 120 mg/kg of alloxan showed a significant increase in the blood glucose level, serum urea, creatinine and uric acid; marked elevation in serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum bilirubin, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), Malonaldehyde (MDA), Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were increased. There was a decrease in the serum HDL, total protein, albumin, and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to those of control rats.

(Graham, 2004). Metabolism, predominately occurring in the liver, can be divided into two phases. Phase I reactions involves modifying the compound of interest through chemical reactions including hydroxylation, oxidation and reduction) rendering the compound either active or inactive. This processes contains a family of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that a responsible for the metabolism of many foreign substances. Each CYP has a specificity for certain substrates and is the site of many differences in overall metabolism of veterinary pharmaceuticals. Phase II reactions under conjugation by adding on additional molecules (including hydroxyl (-OH) or carboxyl (-COOH) groups) that increase molecular weight and polarity. The increase in weight and polarity make the compound more easily excreted in either the urine or bile. Depending on the species, gender, age and breed among other factors, these metabolic pathways are key components of determining differences that could exist between individuals and