Anthocyanin Chromatography Lab Report

Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys into the blood (serum) and urine. High serum, and/or urine creatinine levels are indicative of kidney dysfunction. A colorimetric assay can be used to determine the creatinine concentration in the urine and serum samples from patients who are suspected to have kidney dysfunction.

In Part 1 of the lab, a solar cell was created and tested for its capability to conduct electricity. After researching the processes that contribute to the conductive property, it was found that the oxidized substance is the dye, as it donates an excited electron to the titanium oxide. Consequently, titanium oxide is reduced before it donates an electron to the cathode. The electrolyte solution was found to replenish the dye with electrons so it could continue to act as a reducing agent.

The greatest energy that can be produced by the sun is electricity. Photovoltaics, or solar cells, capture the sun and convert it into electricity. Solar cells were discovered by the Europeans back in the 1870’s when they used selenium to develop the telegraph. They found that when light hits selenium it would produce and electrical current. Soon enough there were many scientists and engineers working on photovoltaic systems. Silicon and Selenium proved to be the two best elements to conduct electricity when light hits them. Photovoltaic systems (PV cell) work by converting the suns light into electricity. A semi conducting material absorbs the sunlight, that energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, this allows the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. The further development of solar cells can be attributed to the satellite industry. Solar cells were expensive and there was no use for them until satellites came. Because it is impractical to tether satellites it became important to develop solar energy at any cost that would power these satellites. This created a sustainable market for solar power, the first of its kind.

To understand pigments and their part in the essential process of photosynthesis, we constructed an experiment to discover first-hand the effectiveness of specific pigments found in pimento leaves. These two exercises would specifically focus on the difference in polarities and the different wavelengths at which each pigment absorbs light. The ultimate source of energy for most organisms is sunlight. This research expresses the importance in understanding the driving force behind crucial photosynthetic organisms that are responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy and ultimately the fixation of carbon dioxide. The polarity of three of the specific pigments studied, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and xanthophylls, was determined by separating the plant pigments by paper chromatography and calculating their Rf values. Once the pigments separated along the paper chromatography strip, we cut the different pigments bands and eluted them from the paper into a beaker filled with acetone. We were then able to analyze the wavelengths of light absorbed by the pigments through the use of a spectrophotometer. We predicted the wavelengths for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanidins, xanthophylls, and carotenoids. From the first experiment we were able to determine that xanthophylls, which traveled the farthest of the three, was

The chloroplast contains the pigment chlorophyll which traps light energy (Yablonski, 16). Chloroplasts give leaves their green color by the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophyll found in chlorophyll; the pigments chlorophyll a and b are separated from the other two pigments through chromatography to determine their absorbance levels (Griffith, 438). These pigments absorb and reflect certain wavelength of the visible spectrum which gives the leaf its green color; it absorbs wavelengths which are red and blue but reflect the yellow and green wavelengths of the spectrum making the leaf appear green in color to the human eye (Glover, et al, 505). Therefore the wavelengths which were reflected make up the colour of the leaves (Glover, et al, 505). This chromatographic separation was conducted to extract the different pigment in the chloroplast extract and to separate each of the different components (Quach, et al, 385). The wavelengths which are absorbed by each chlorophyll pigment are different and are based on the visible spectrum. Chlorophyll a obtains most of its energy from the violet blue, reddish orange and a low amount of the green-yellow-orange wavelengths regions of the visible spectrum compared to chlorophyll b which absorbs all the wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a (Shibghatallah, et al, 3). From the results in the lab, it can be seen that the absorbance values determined fluctuate a lot, which resulted in a graph with more than one peak and downfalls. The highest peak determined by this experiment occurred at 660 nm for both chlorophylls. This can be confirmed by Schmid and his team who determined that the wavelength of chlorophyll a occurs between 660-680 nm whereas chlorophyll b absorbs wavelengths between 645-660 nm (Schmid, et al, 30). Thus, we can conclude by saying the spectroscopy helped us determine accurate

The results of our experiment were similar to the actual isoelectric point of BSA with the exception of one data record. The calculated pI for BSA was approximately 4.5 after experimentation in comparison to 4.7, the real pI value of BSA. The isoelectric point was calculated after graphing the averages of each buffer solution and taking the x-intercept of the data. The isoelectric point detailed the pH at which the substance had a net charge of zero. The second strip of pH 6.0 with a value of +5mm, was omitted from calculations to improve the accuracy and precision of data. Buffers with a pH greater than the isoelectric move towards the negative end. Most of the buffer solutions with a pH of 4.7 and greater from the data, migrated to the negative

This is known as the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The goal of photophosphorylation is to take the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy for the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle then takes this chemical energy and uses it to make glucose. Photophosphorylation begins when a photon (packet of light) is absorbed by a pigment (light absorbing molecule), which is attached to a protein along the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The energy from the photon creates resonance (electron passing from one pigment to the next), which eventually reaches a special reaction center. The reactions center is a protein that houses a special pair of chlorophyll molecules capable of releasing electrons. When the chlorophyll molecules get excited, they release two electrons. These two electrons then move along the membrane through a series of specialized protein releasing energy as they go. This action creates an H+ gradient inside the lumen of the chloroplast. Eventually the electrons reach the end of the chain and attach onto electron carriers. The H+ flow across the ATP Synthase protein where they meet up with ADP (andesine diphosphate) and Pi (phosphate group) to from ATP. The chemical energy created can then be used in the Calvin

There are many different types of renewable sources such as solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric power. Solar panels work by using sunlight and enhancing it into electricity which is then distributed. They work when the sunlight hits the anti-reflective coating of a solar panel which creates a charge with the delocalised electrons in specially treated semiconductor material. These were first created in 1954 by Bell Laboratories . Although it was very expensive at the time of discovery, over the years the price of manufacturing and installing the solar panels have decreased while the efficiency of the panels has also decreased meaning more energy can be produced at a faster rate. Another type of renewable energy which is very popular is wind energy produced by turbines. This produce energy by using the

This is an experimental lab that tested how well an antacid acid tablet will dissolve in excess stomach acid. The lab can help the creators and consumers of the drug with know how efficient the drug is. Each group got a certain antacid acid tablet to test. The lab utilizes back titration to help with figuring out the amount of hydrochloric acid(HCl) that is dissolved by an antacid acid by introducing a base with a known molar concentration. The tablet effectiveness was tested by seeing how much strong base (Sodium Hydroxide-NaOH) is needed to be added to a strong acid solution (HCl and antacid acid tablet) for a color change. A color change means that the acid solution became basic, so enough base was added to neutralize the acid. The results

The conjugated electron system in polymethine dyes allows these compounds to absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many of the carbocyanine dyes contain a different number of methine carbons with two

The build up of stomach acid may cause irritation and excess pain to individuals. Luckily, antacids being a weak base can help relieve the symptoms and pain. Antacids, such as Gelusil, Medi-Firs, Alka Seltzer, and Alcalak are neutralizing agents of acids that become helpful to the human body when heartburn occurs. Heartburn, also known as acid reflux is a common medical issue that occurs when hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the stomach moves backward along the digestive track to the esophagus (located within the throat). This reverse flow of fluids causes a burning sensation due to and possible sour taste that is characteristic of acids [1].

Chromatography Investigation Chromatography is a highly regarded technique used to separate the components of a mixture. It is based on the principle that each component possesses a unique affinity for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The components that are more inclined to enter the mobile phase will migrate further on the chromatogram and distinguish themselves from the other components. The type of solvent used in chromatography is known to directly affect the separation of the mixture. In this experiment, thin-layer and column chromatography will be utilized to separate the numerous chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of a spinach extract.

Ammeters, also known as ampmeters in some cases, are measuring instruments that are used to measure the electric current in a circuit. The current measurements are taken in amperes (A), and thus the name of the instrument; ammeters. There are smaller units of readings namely milliamperes and microamperes, which are measured by milliammeters and microammeters respectively. There are several designs of these instruments available in the market today that take readings differently. Previously, ammeters were used in laboratories and relied on the Earth’s magnetic field in order to be able to take readings of the current flowing through a circuit. However, with improvements in technology, better ammeters were developed that did not rely on the Earth’s magnetic field and could take readings in any position providing accurate readings of the electrical power flowing through systems.

Solar energy may define as the energy received by the earth from the sun. This solar energy is in the form of solar radiation. With the help of solar cells, solar radiation can convert into electricity. Sun is a highly powerful energy source, humans and natures are directly depending on the sun. For example in hydro-electricity the solar energy needed for the evaporation of water after that it returns to earth as rain and provides water in dams. In biomass, the solar energy used that process. Solar cells directly converted solar radiation into electricity, during the process time there is no noise or pollution are there. These cells made with some semiconducting materials. If use solar cells in our home it will help to reduce the greenhouse gas emission, minimise the percentage of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere and mainly reduce the necessity of fossil fuels and natural gas use to produce electricity. According to the Ben Sorensen, solar energy is one of a good source of substitute energy, for the reason that it is renewable, economical and does not pollute our environment. Thus, this essay will be divided into three parts. Firstly, we will talk about fossil fuels and its demerits. Secondly, we will look at the issues and implications of solar energy. Finally, we will focus on the advantageous and disadvantageous of solar energy respectively.

Large solar plants occupy a vast area of land and threaten wildlife because one square kilometer is needed to produce 40 megawatts of energy from solar power.4 British scientists are attempting to improve the effectiveness of photovoltaic cells by utilizing “copper indium diselenide and cadmium telluride to find an affordable and more sustainable way to make solar panels to convert light energy into electricity.”5