Antimicrobial Activity of the Phytochemical Constituents of Chrysophyllum Albidum G.Don Holl. (African Star Apple) Plant

Experiment 55 consists of devising a separation and purification scheme for a three component mixture. The overall objective is to isolate in pure form two of the three compounds. This was done using extraction, solubility, crystallization and vacuum filtration. The experiment was carried out two times, both of which were successful.

The next day an orange goopy textured product resulted. The extracts were then dried and combined with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then evaporated with dry air under the hood in a warm water bath. The liquid was cooled and had an initial weighing of 0.5887g. It was reweighed several minutes later with a final

If the testing material contains starch it will turn a black-blue color when drops of iodine are added

Discussion: In this lab, we used various chemical reagents that contain specific macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and sugars. We use these reagents to test five knowns and unknown for specific nutrients. The indicators that cause these color changes are Sudan IV stain, Biuret Reagent, Iodine solution, and Benedict’s solution. By comparing the color changes of the unknown solution to the colors of the indicator can help estimate the amount of the nutrients.

The use of natural products as medicine has initiated the isolation of active compounds. The first commercial pure natural product introduced for therapeutic use is generally considered to be

The objective of Part 1 of this experimental procedure includes the isolation of a pure trimyristin from the mixture of compounds in nutmeg. The objective of Part 2 of this experimental procedure includes synthesizing myristic acid from the previously produced and collected trimyristin by hydrolysis. The myristic acid in its crude form will be recrystallized for purity. All products and compounds will then be tested for purity by taking their melting points.

The main purpose of the study is to determine the inhibitory effect of Daucus carota subsp. sativus on Wistar rats and its future

Pharmacogonsy is the combination of the analysis and application of medicinal drugs which have been acquired from natural sources such as plants and animals. Discovery of the Cinchona bark was said to have been made by Spanish monks while they were in Peru. The use of the bark was made known to them by observing the indigenous Indians and by self-discovery. The bark was later made known to the Europeans by Jesuits. It was administered as a hot bitter drink for its medicinal purposes. Cinchona Succiruba was said to have acquired its appellation from the countess of a Spanish town called Cinchon who was cured of malaria by the use of the cinchona succiruba bark from the 17th century. There are other species of Cinchona but C. Succiruba has the most alkaloid content in comparison to the others as its bark contains 6 -16 % alkaloid content of which consists of quinidine and quinine which are the two main pharmacologically active

The powdered leaves (~450g) were first soaked in a 1:1 DCM:MeOH solvent mixture overnight, followed by 100% methanol. The combined residues were then concentrated under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 40oC which afforded a gummy dark-greenish product, known as the crude extract of the leaves of O.mauritiana. The crude extract was kept in the refrigerator at 4oC prior to

It was found that chewing naturally occurring khat leaves does not lead to many toxicity repercussions, due to such a low concentration of the active psychostimulant being present (9). But with synthetic cathinones, high concentrations of the active

The extraction of the active constituents from the leaves by chewing is very effective with only 9.1% remaining as a residue after chewing. The second adsorptive segment is the stomach and small intestine (Toennes et al.,

It is a white to pale yellow-translucent soft mass. It is tasteless and odorless. It is soluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, hexane, ether and most fixed and volatile oils but it is practically insoluble in acetone, hot or cold 95% ethyl alcohol, glycerin and in water (84).It is a white to pale yellow-translucent soft mass. It is tasteless and odorless. It is soluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide, hexane, ether and most fixed and volatile oils but it is practically insoluble in acetone, hot or cold 95% ethyl alcohol, glycerin and in water

A couple of mixtures of unidentified organic compounds (a mixture of two liquids and another mixture of two solid compounds) were obtained, and the compounds of each mixture were then separated, isolated, and purified. The compounds of the liquid-liquid mixture were isolated by simple distillation, and the compounds in the mixture of solids were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction, and later purified through recrystallization. Physical properties –such as boiling points, melting points, and densities- were used to identify each isolated compound. After analysis, the first liquid was identified by a boiling range of 81.0°C-81.3°C and a density of 0.7882g/mL, and the second liquid was identified by a boiling range of 91.7°C-91.9°C and a density of 0.8578 g/mL. The crude solid products were purified and recrystallized, providing a white crystalline solid (MP = 35.2-37.8 °C) in 46.9% yield, and a white powdery solid (MP = 121.9 – 122.1 °C) in 2.40% yield.

In this experiment, three strains of bacteria were identified from a mixed bacteria culture. In order to determine the identity of the bacteria, selective and differential media tests were performed. Some of the medias used for testing were MacConkey, Eosin Methylene Blue Levine, Salmonella-Shiegella, Tryptic Soy Agar, Citrate, TSI, among others. Gram-stains were also used to observe the morphology of bacteria under the microscope. The identities of the unknowns were determined by comparing the results obtained with characteristics of possible species that are determined in the literature. The results pointed out that unknown A was Escherichia coli, Unknown B was Yersinia enterocolitica, and Unknown C was Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The HPLC analysis of PKRE has been carried out to determine the concentration of marker phytoconstituents, Picroside I and Picroside II. Figure 1 represents the HPLC chromatograms of the PKRE. PKRE found to contain Picroside I: 3.30%w/w & Picroside II: 4.90%w/w of dry extract.