2. Methods and Materials 2.1 Study Area Apalachicola Bay is wide estuarine system located in Florida panhandle and covers an area about 539 km2 (Figure-1). The bay is relatively shallow with an average depth of 3.0 m. It is one of the most productive natural systems in North America and highly recognized by the state, federal and international organizations for its pristine water quality and unaffected estuarine habitats (ANERR, 2008). Apalachicola bay and its barrier islands were formed by deltaic processes of Apalachicola River, which is one the unpolluted alluvial system left in the United States. The bay is surrounded by four barrier islands, St. Vincent Island, Little St. George Island, St. George Island and Dog Island. The water exchange …show more content…
The major part of at-sensor radiance is mainly contributed by the atmosphere (aerosols and water vapor), specular reflection of directly transmitted sunlight from the water surface (sun glint), direct reflected radiance from the water surface (sky light) and radiance reflected from whitecaps. The raw at-sensor radiance images were corrected for atmospheric effects using the ENVI v 5.2 (ITT Visual Information Solutions, Inc.) FLAASH (Fast Line of sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubus) module. FLAASH converts radiometrically-calibrated at-sensor radiance images to surface reflectance images by incorporating the MODTRAN4 radiative transfer code. Landsat-5 TM top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance files were converted to FLAASH-compatible units (mW/cm2/sr/nm) by multiplying a scale factor of 0.1. The sensor and flight information, such as sensor type, acquisition date and time, sensor altitude and spatial resolution, were entered manually for each image. This information was supplied with the Landsat L1T product as a separate metadata file (*MTL.txt). The atmospheric model was selected based the observed air temperature during the time of image acquisition. All of the images were corrected for adjacency effects and processed using the DISORT (Discrete Ordinates Radiative Transfer Program for a Multi-Layered …show more content…
The validation analysis was made at AERONET WAVECIS (CSI-6) site, since that is the only ocean color site in the Gulf of Mexico. As AERONET station is located to the south of Terrebonne bay and close to the Mississippi River delta, we assumed that it should represent turbid water environment, at least during the Mississippi River flood condition. 19 clear sky Landsat images (100% clear sky image with no sun glint) are acquired over the AERONET station between 2011 and 2014. They included 5 Landsat-5 TM images, 8 Landsat-7 ETM+ images and 6 Landsat-8 OLI images. There are two ways to evaluate the validity of FLAASH corrected satellite observations, 1) by comparing Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) or horizontal visibility and 2) by relating surface reflectance (ρ) or water leaving radiance (Lw). In processing, Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) was obtained first just before & after the satellite overpass time and averaged to keep comparison closer to satellite measurement. MODTRAN4 code in ENVI-FLAASH is not freely available and therefore Although MODTRAN4 code in ENVI-FLAASH calculates AOT (550 nm) using image data and historical climatology, it does not provide AOT as an output product. However, FLAASH do provide horizontal visibility which can be approximately
Where is the Raritan Bay in New Jersey? Well, the Raritan Bay is located between the border of New Jersey and New York. What help does the Raritan Bay do for the human population? The Raritan Bay is where most shipments on water can be delivered through. Why is it important to clean the Raritan Bay? Well, over the years when New Jersey was where all the factories at and the shipment docks, because of that, after the factories that have been shut down, all the pollution and waste has gone into the Raritan Bay. The Raritan Bay used to be a place where everyone came to and fished, relaxed, and enjoy the bay… Now, it’s closed off, because of all the chemicals in the water from the factories. Many citizens of New Jersey fish there still, but don’t know how dangerous the water is. Pollution can harm humans and the animals, it’s time to take a stand and clean the Raritan Bay, before it’s too late.
As a gateway community to Texas Hill Country and Lake Travis, Lake Pointe is in an ideal location. Just 12 miles west of all the employers, entertainment, and cultural opportunities of downtown Austin, Lake Pointe is a carefully planned community that has just been built in the past 10 years or so. Developed near Highway 71 and Bee Cave Road, Lake Pointe is able to boast a great location as well as homes that are both more spacious and more affordable than many of the properties available within the city boundaries. Lake Pointe has always been popular with families who want plenty of space and clean, safe living while also enjoying all the amenities of Austin. Families also adore the fact that Lake Pointe is part of the prestigious Lake Travis School District.
Wakulla Springs is one of the largest and deepest freshwater springs in the world. The spring flow rate is about two hundred million gallons of water a day. The water flow of the springs develops at the caves of the Florida Aquafers. The water then forms the Wakulla River and flows 9 miles southeast. After flowing 9 miles the Wakulla River joins the St. Marks River. The St. Marks River then empties out into the Gulf of Mexico at the Apalachee Bay. Part of the Wakulla Springs water system is the Wakulla underwater cave system. The Wakulla- Leo Sink cave system is the longest underwater cave system in the United States (Friends of Wakulla Springs).
I researched the Everglades in Florida. There have been many negative changes in this habitat both from humans and other species. The region’s water resources are being depleted by invasions of exotic plants such as the Australian Melaluca. The Australian Melaluca also affected the native species of which the rest of the ecosystem depends. Another effect on the water is the runoff from agricultural operations, which gets into the water and pollutes it. Development pressures from agriculture, industry, and urban areas have destroyed more than half of the original Everglades
The Okefenokee Swamp is one of the largest swamps in North America and is located in the south eastern part of Georgia.In the Okefenokee Swamp, things look about the same as it did a century ago. Scattered relics found there, remind us of the people who tried to conquer the swamp. The Okefenokee swamp is what it always has been, vast and unspoiled and overwhelming in its wildness. The swamps unfolds itself from miles and miles with no houses or roads or people. Nearly 700 square miles of wilderness. On a foggy morning there is a softness to the Okefenokee.The okefenokee, a black water swamp is one of the largest and most significant wetland complexes in the United States. The Okefenokee’s waters are clear but dark, stained a deep coffee color
First Coast, also known as Northeast Florida, is located on the Atlantic coast, comprising of five counties surrounding Jacksonville: Duval, Baker, Clay, Nassau and St. Johns. It extends past the southern end of Anastasia Island to Marineland. The name “First Coast” originally appeared in a marketing campaign in the 1980s, and has its origins as the first area of Florida to be colonized by Europeans. Ponce De Leon is believed to have landed in the First Coast region during the early 1500s on his first expedition. In the 1560s, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline in what is today Jacksonville. First Coast is not only known for its historical significance, but it is also the state’s best-kept secret as vacationers paradise, that
If you wish to sightsee in a mellow suburban city, then look no further than Augusta, Kansas. Whether you prefer viewing scenery or visiting a museum, there are plentiful options to explore. The Augusta City Lake, for instance, is a place for those who want to bask in the simple joys of nature. Augusta City Lake is ideal for fishing, having a picnic, or taking an evening stroll. Adjacent to the lake is a large playground for your children to play and exercise while you relax and soak up some sun.
The Everglades hydrologic system has changed greatly from historic times to the present day. Part of this is due to natural changes, while other parts have been affected directly by humans. Most of Florida’s climate, specifically the Everglades, is humid and rainy. Because of Florida’s precipitation, flood control structures have been put into place around Lake Okeechobee. The later release of this water has also impacted the environment surrounding Lake Okeechobee.
I just started working at Oyster Harbors Club a few weeks ago, but my experience there has been wonderful. It has been an honor life guarding on the beach, and getting to know all the families and the children attending camp. I enjoy working in such a friendly family environment, and I am excited to work next summer as well. My educational plans for the future consist of acquiring my bachelors degree in biology that would help me in pursuing a medical career as a doctor. My passion has always been helping others whether it is at work, making sure people are safe, or giving back to my community. After becoming a certified doctor, I plan on specializing in dermatology. I am a very hard
Salt Spring Island of British Columbia in the nineteenth century, was filled with hatred. For those who were not of White descent they would soon realize that there was a clear separation between the Whites, Blacks, and Aboriginals. This division is crucial to understand as the Whites were the settlers to this area meaning they took over the land and had a great deal of authority. They manipulated the Blacks into following their social and moral regulations, but were incapable of doing the same for the Indians. Consequently, a rivalry occurred since not all Aboriginals could accept being a means to an end for the Whites. In other words, there was a common ideology amongst the Whites that justice must be served to those Indians who decided to disregard the law.
What residents face on remote islands involving medical care is extremely different than what our health care looks like. For every island the nearest hospital is at least a ferry ride away, and sometimes that means a month away. So how do remote location such as the islands of Penobscot Bay deal with these problems they face? Medical care on islands is something that differs completely depending on which island.
When it comes to Pensacola Bay there are many environmental factors to consider when wanting to know how well the area is doing in relation to quality of the land, air and water. In this report, the examination will be upon the water quality of Pensacola Bay. The water quality of Pensacola Bay is very complex and in order for ecosystems and organisms to survive in a small contained space the chemistry has to be just right. This report will examine the quality of the water in the past decade through research and information provided by agencies on the local, state and federal level on the water quality of Pensacola Bay.
Prudhoe Bay is a town in the Arctic region of Alaska; it is also called Sagavanirktok. It is a significant industrious economical area because the largest oilfield in all of North America is located in Prudhoe Bay. This does not give economical advances to just Alaska’s economy, but also the country's economy. Prudhoe Bay’s major oil producers are British Petroleum and Phillips; other minor oil companies are Brooks Range, Anadarko, Exxon, and Eni. Prudhoe Bay has an abundance of oil an example of the amount is, in around 1 day 1 million barrels of oil are produced meaning in around 25 years 15 billion barrels of oil have been produced. Gary Hoefs (2002)The Trans Alaskan pipeline System is used to move oil from the North slope to Valdez, Alaska
From the tranquil and serene streets of Savannah to the Romantic and nightlife in Atlanta, Georgia is a State full of consolidated urban attractions. Despite the urbanization, there is still another unspoiled side of Georgia you must not miss out from, a must to visit and explore; it’s the excellent and fantastic great BEACHES with Parks and mountain resorts to boast your stay.
Florida’s Treasure Coast is the common appellation given to the Florida coastal section, which extends from the Inlet in the north to south of Hobe Sound. It comprises all the coastal counties of Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin. The region has a rich history that goes back 300 years, where Spanish galleons replete with gold and silver, shipwrecked off the southeastern Florida shore, losing all their treasure to the deep waters. Treasure Coast provided pirates and smugglers with sanctuary during the 18th century. The Spanish explorers drove the first human inhabitants, the Timucuan Indians, from Treasure Coast, beginning with their arrival in 1528. By the 19th century, small communities began to appear as settler moved into the region. Today, the Treasure Coast is a unique mix of small town, laid-back, beautiful beach communities, and a popular family vacation destination.