Application Of Semiconductors And Technology

New sciences have also contributed to technology, as in the theoretical preparation for the invention of the steam engine. In the 20th century, innovations in semiconductor technology increased the performance and decreased the cost of electronic materials and devices by a factor of a million, an achievement unparalleled in the history of any technology.”

Semiconductor Nano crystals or quantum dots are materials that are typically 2-20 nm in diameter, consisting of approximately twelve to fourteen thousand atoms. The effect of quantum confinement results, in the electrons and holes in the Nano crystal to exhibit quantized energy states; thus enabling them to exhibit novel physical properties that are not found in their bulk counterparts. Research in semiconductor quantum dots started with the realization that the optical and electronic properties of these particles were strongly dependent on particle size, due to quantum confinement of the charge carriers in small spaces.

Enhancing the ability of a semiconductor to conduct electricity by adding small amount of certain impurities to the element.

The semiconductor

Figure 2 showed the relationship between the reciprocal of resistivity to the reciprocal of temperature, graphed as a logarithmic plot. The resistance change of the Co-doped FeS2 samples with Al electrodes were collected from room temperature (25oC) to 140oC. From Fig.2, the resistance of all samples decreased while heating. This showed a general semiconductor behavior of these Co-doped FeS2 films. The data in Fig.2 showed a linear dependence for each sample. The fitting lines could be described by Arrhenius equation as shown in equation 2:

The band theory gives explanations of how Semiconductors differ from metals because as the temperature increases the conductivity increases. The Band Theory considers that for

The researchers make comparisons between the microelectromechanical devices and the current technology and state that these devices are ultra-small in size, making it possible to minimize dead volumes and gas contact surface areas. This claim helps in understanding how effective and efficient these devices are when integrated into the current technology. Complexities in some current technologies, such as scarcity of space, make it hard for most engineers to use big devices. The researchers use a detailed and informative approach to explain about the effectiveness and efficiency of the microelectromechanical devices.

Depending on the material used in the doping, a positive semiconductor (p-type) or a negative semiconductor (n-type) can be made. These types are charged positively or negatively, and this property can be used in computers. A semiconductor made up of a sandwiched n-type layer between two p-type layers forms two p to n interfaces, called p-n junctions, and these junctions allow semiconductors known as transistors to act like electrical switches. This property is just what computers needed, and has been the reason behind the amazing leap in technical capabilities we have seen in the past few decades in computers (Trefil, p. 243-50).

Komputer yang kita kenal saat ini adalah hasil pengembangan teknologi elektronika dan informatika sehingga bentuk komputer yang asalnya berukuran besar dan makan tempat, sekarang berbentuk kecil dengan kemampuan besar. Kemajuan industri komponen elektronika IC (integrated circuit) telah mendorong terciptanya berbagai perangkat chip IC yang beragam dan mendukung berbagai keperluan pembuatan produk elektronik. Kemajuan teknologi elektronika tidak terlepas dari adanya kemajuan dibidang pengetahuan dan pengolahan bahan semikonduktor khususnya silicon.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is a customer-oriented company that manufactures computer processors and memory chips and supplies its products to various technological companies worldwide. This corporation’s overall strategic objective is to be “more efficient, more responsive, and intensely focused on delivering innovative solutions that its customers want and need to succeed” (Syed, 2006). AMD has become a leader in customer relationship management through its Customer-centric Innovation philosophy. This philosophy focuses on three major components—differentiation, solutions, and connections. According to Abdul Samad Syed, AMD’s main goal of this customer relationship model is to, “help customers achieve results by giving them differentiated products and services, enabling complete solutions with our ecosystem partners, as opposed to point technology and collaborating efficiently by sharing customer data with our connections” (Syed, 2006). This philosophy is what makes AMD’s customer relationship management superior to its competitors and truly gives the company a competitive advantage in the tech industry.

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of 3.4 eV commonly used in light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. GaN has a low sensitivity to ionizing radiation which makes it a suitable material for solar panels on satellites. Various military and space application also benefit from the usage if this radiation hardened material. Besides the wide bandgap, high breakdown field and high saturation velocity of GaN make it very promising for high power, high-speed and high temperature electronic devices. GaN devices offer five key characteristics: high dielectric strength, high operating temperature, high current density, high speed switching and low on-resistance. These characteristics are due to the properties of GaN, which, compared to silicon, offers ten times higher electrical breakdown characteristics, three times the bandgap, and exceptional carrier mobility. Low resistance Ohmic contacts with a smooth morphology, and good edge acuity and thermal stability are imperative in the successful implementation of all these devices, particularly high power devices which require high power conversion efficiency and heat management. The

By Tribuvan Kumar Prakash Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering Visveswaraiah Technological University, Karnataka, 2004. August 2007

The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.

I undersigned ………………………a student of T.Y.B.B.A., here by declare that the project work presented in this report is my own work and has been carried out under the supervision of prof. Kuldeep Jobanputra of R.P.Bhalodia College, Rajkot. This work has not been previously report submitted to any other university for any other examination.

This report contains an account of my final year project, which was carried out in the two and half year of the Electronic and Electrical of Engineering (EEE) diploma at Institut Teknologi dan Pengurusan Lebuh Victoria.