The family of Arenaviruses is genomically a negative single strand RNA virus. It has an enveloped, icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 120nm. Its ambisense genome is segmented into two divisions. The derivation of its name is from the Latin word ‘arena’ which translates to sandy. Many sources indicate this is due to its appearance microscopically of a grainy or sandy particle.(2) This appearance is due to ribosomes being present throughout the virus. The entry of the virus into the host cell is via clathrin mediated endocytosis and reproduction is via budding from the host’s cell membrane. The initial Arenavirus was discovered in 1933-1934 by scientists who were studying encephalitis. It was called LCM (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus).(4) Over the next decades, more …show more content…
In order to maintain safety for all of the healthcare workers diagnosing a patient, biosafety level (BSL) 4 containment should be used per the CDC.(8) The primary way to diagnose this infection is with isolation of the virus followed by antigen and antibody detection via enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) methods. Another method of determining that Arenaviruses are in the sample includes the presence of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions. (RT-PCR) RT-PCR can be used for many different types of scientific applications including, genetic testing, determining the presence of oncogenes, detecting infectious pathogens, and determining genetic fingerprinting. RT-PCR has taken over from Northern blot testing as the standard to determine the presence or absence of a specific type of RNA. It occurs by having the RNA converted into a complementary DNA through a reverse transcriptase. The expression of certain genes can be measured and the type of RNA present determined.(5) Once the presence of Arenavirus is determined, a treatment plan must be
The SH (small hydrophobic) protein, matrix protein (M), and the M2 protein are envelope-associated proteins that are not involved in viral attachment or syncytium formation (3). Other proteins such as the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and the large nucleoprotein (L) are in the nucleocapsid. NS-1 and NS-2 are non-structure protein that is only found in the infected cells but not present in virions (3).
There were several steps used to acquire the colony necessary for the PCR. First a student forearm was swabbed using a cotton swab, the cells were then placed in an agar plate. DNA was then extracted from the cultured bacteria by using a technique to lyse the cells and solubilize the DNA, then enzymes were used to remove contaminating proteins. The DNA extraction consisted of a lysis buffer that contained high concentrations of salt for denaturing. Binding with the use of ethanol and a washing step to purify the DNA. The final step for the DNA extraction was elution where the pure DNA was release. Proceeding the extraction of DNA the results of the 16s gene amplification were examined through gel electrophoresis it was analyzed by estimating the size of the PCR bands with marker bands. After measuring the success of the extraction, a technique called TA cloning was started. Cloning of PCR products was done by using partially purified amplified products with
Sherin Cheriyan, majoring in Biology and on the Physician Assistant Track at Seton Hall University is a member of the Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship Association, Class of 2019. A resident of Newington, Connecticut, she hopes to address racial stereotypes, gender discrimination, celebrate diversity, and help underprivileged communities through Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship programs. The Magnum Opus she intends to publish is a program centered on younger children to bring awareness to stereotypes in society and the psychological effects of stereotypes on the victims of racism. The program will include academic workshops, including tests and role play to bring awareness to how conscious and unconscious racism can affect a person and their
The world that we live in is perilous and full of danger. During those times of danger, traumatic events can occur. People from all walks of life have had trouble dealing with this kind of trauma and can be either scarred or changed by it. This is especially true for children. We tend to overlook children and try to focus on adults when it comes to traumatic events. However, studies have shown that even children are affected by these problems and need assistance in getting over them. Mental health therapists and psychologists have been doing research and developing techniques on this age group that is adolescence. This essay will exhibit several professionals that are studying this matter and developing which technique is best for the children in regards to their treatment.
Adenoviruses represent the largest non-enveloped or naked viruses at 75 nanometers and have 252 capsomeres that contribute to its icosahedral capsid structure (Doerfler 1996). The virus particle has spikes on the base of each capsomer that aid in attachment to the host cell. At the core of the virus is double-stranded linear DNA that replicates in the nucleus of the host cell.
Routine confirmation of coronavirus infection based on detection of unique sequences of viral RNA by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Any testing for the presence of this virus must be performed in appropriately equipped laboratories by staff trained in the pertinent technical and safety procedures. A number of RT-PCR assays that are specific for the coronavirus develop and publish. Currently described tests include an assay targeting upstream of the E protein gene (upE)1 and assays targeting the open reading frame 1b (ORF 1b) gene1 and the open reading frame 1a (ORF 1a) gene2. The assay for the upE target is considered highly sensitive, with the ORF 1a assay considered of equal sensitivity. The ORF 1b assay is considered less sensitive than the ORF 1a assay but may be more specific (12).
* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.
PCR finds the DNA of the HSV virus, and can also tell if it’s type 1 or 2.
The characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Jesse displays are inattention, memory and speech. Jesse is also demonstrating his desire for isolation from his friends. He prefers to be alone most of the time, which is out of character for Jesse.
Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.
Under a microscope, Lyssavirus looks like a bullet shaped porcupine. The virus is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA, approximately 180 nm in length and 75 nm wide. (8) The genome includes five proteins: L (transcriptase), N (nucleoprotein), NS (transcriptase-associated), matrix protein (M) and a lipid-containing envelope. (8) Together, these proteins perform various roles within the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and the viral envelope. Combined with the viral RNA, the N, L, and NS proteins form the RNP complex. (8) The M protein allows viral budding (helping the virus to exit the host cell) and gives rabies its bullet-shaped morphology (physical form). (8) The G protein produces virus-neutralizing antibody (which help defend the cell from the host’s immune system). The G protein also surrounds the viral envelope with spikes that assist with attachment to other cells. (8) The internal ribonucleokapsid is helical (three dimensionally curved) in shape and includes the proteins N, polymerase L and P. This
The Marburg virus was founded in 1967 when outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever started in laboratories in Marburg. “A total of 31 people became ill, including 25 laboratory workers.”(Public Health England Marburg,2014) “The laboratory workers all had contact with the blood, organs or cell-cultures from imported African green monkeys.”(Public Health England Marburg,2014) Virus belongs to the Filovirus family.” Currently there is no vaccine for the virus.”(Public Health England Marburg,2014) The Marburg virus can be transmitted through body fluids, causes severe symptoms, has treatment and can be prevented . Marburg virus affects humans and non-human primates.
Real time RT-PCR and other molecular tests can also be an effective diagnostic tools. The molecular tests detect viral genetic material in respiratory system with swab samples collected from the throat and nasal cavity to correctly identify the infection.
This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.
However forensics is not the only area that has been advanced by PCR techniques. Diseases diagnosis can be made much more accurately and quickly. The diagnosis however is not just limited to infectious diseases caused by bacteria, tumours can also be analysed. Therefore it may become apparent if it is the result of a general genetic abnormality or simply an untimely mutation. Viruses similarly can be detected if someone is infected, along with the viral load; this allows disease progression to be monitored.