Beach Profiling : A Beach

In site one there was a high proportion of very unspherical rocks. According to this the hypothesis is right, in site two there is a lot more smother rocks medium sized and in site 3 there are very small pebbles which are very smooth and spherical. The pebbles get smoother and rounder while it goes downstream. Due to us only taking about 10 rocks our result may have been not right as there were some pebbles which were largely over sized. Most of the other load is dissolved by solution such as limestone and chalk

Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of beach or dune sediments by

There are six different types of water erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, valley or stream erosion, and bank erosion. Splash erosion is when raindrops hit soil and small soil particles are displaced. Sheet erosion is when raindrops remove soil in thin layers. During rill erosion, small concentrated flow paths are created. “These paths create a sediment source and delivery system for hillslope erosion. Areas where precipitation rates exceed soil infiltration rates are more prone to this type of erosion. During gully erosion, water flows in narrow channels during or after heavy rains or melting snow. The gullies can erode to considerable depths. Valley or stream erosion is created by water flowing alongside land. It extends downward, deepening a valley, and extending the valley into the hillside. This occurs more frequently

There are 2 types of beaches. One is erosion dominant and the other is deposition

Questions and charts are from Geoscience Laboratory, 5th ed. (p. 155–167), by T. Freeman, 2009, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted with permission.

* The sand dunes on the beaches. This area is affected by wind erosion as well as the tides if adequate vegetative cover is not present. The main type of erosion, from the sea, takes the sand from the sand dunes as well as the rest of the beach in a rip. The sand is then pulled out to sea where it forms a sand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach.

Beach nourishment is the physical transfer of sand from an area of excess to where it is being eroded. This often involves dredging and transport of sand by truck or through pipeline. Because of the cost involved, beach nourishment is only used where other strategies prove to be ineffective.

Fine, sandy beaches often occur in areas with light wave action (California's Ocean Resources, 1995). While a more coarse sand is found with heavy wave action (California's Ocean Resources,

Long Island is famous for its sandy ocean beaches. Between the barrier beach and the main coast is the Great South Bay. The beaches and dunes have very different characteristics. The sandy beach is the junction of land and ocean. The sandy beach consists of two zones, the swash zone and the drift line. The swash zone is the area of wet sand, caused by the incoming wave. The drift line is formed by the dead seaweed and other aquatic plants. Behind the sandy beach is the primary dune. The primary dune's main function is to absorb the force of the ocean and protect the great south bay and the island's main coast. In some cases secondary dunes form. These dunes are behind the primary dune and are therefor protected from the ocean. This provides the stability necessary for plant growth. Many time a maritime forests will form on secondary dunes.

Sand dunes are mounds of windblown sand, which vary greatly in size, from less than one meter to tens of meters high. The size depends upon the supply of sand. Many of the more recognizable dune forms are ridges or complexes of mounds or crescents. The shape of individual dunes is equally variable. Shape relates to the direction and strength of the wind forming it, as well as to the amount of sand available. The impressive sand dunes along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan were created by the prevailing westerly winds blowing the sand deposited along the beaches into the dune

In the United States alone, landslides are estimated to cause 25 to 50 deaths and over one billion dollars in damage every year (Landslides 101). Landslides may be caused by natural factors or man-made events. Natural factors include over steepened slopes created through erosion caused by rivers, heavy rains or snowmelt saturation slopes and

Annotated Bibliography Capra, L. (2006). Abrupt climatic changes as triggering mechanisms of massive volcanic collapses. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 155(3), 329-333. This article explains how volcanic collapse can affect the climate.

The Oso landslide in Seattle, Washington took 43 lives in 2014. (Metcalfe, 2015) New technology is used to determine the areas that a potential landslide could occur. A landslide is a shift of land down a slope. Using geographic information systems to determine the probability of landslides can save lives. North America experiences relatively less landslides than countries in South America and Asia. Steep slopes, excessive rainfall, unstable soil, and seasonal dry periods are the main reasons that South America and Asia experience a greater number of landslides than North America. (Shahabi, 2015) In North America, Seattle experiences the most landslides with over 100 since 2007. (Metcalfe, 2015) Seattle experiences large amounts of rainfall and is prone to steamrolling walls of muddy debris. (Metcalfe, 2015) Geographic information systems(GIS) allows us to visualize and interpret data to determine if a pattern is forming. GIS is used to compare different alternativities to help support a decision. (DeMeritt, 2013) GIS maps are formed to help show possible landslide areas. (DeMeritt, 2013) The maps are formed by using remote sensing, satellite images, and aerial views. (Shahabi, 2015) The caution areas are usually on large slopes, the edges of cliffs, or areas with little to no vegetation. Individuals can take necessary precautions when warned about a possible landslide. The goal is to save lives and prevent injuries. When a large storm is noticed, the areas prone

Adelaide’s beaches are at an angle to prevailing winds and waves causing sand washing north from the southern beaches, resulting erosion of the beach, sand dunes and accumulating the northern beaches (Adelaide's Living Beaches: Management Cell 2, 2015) Pipeline transfer systems are effective to move granular material in long distances with minimal operational costs, this strategy involves dividing the Adelaide metropolitan coastline into series of management cells and using this transfer to recycle or backpass sand from north to south within some of these cells. (Adelaide's Living Beaches, 2015). Almost all the stakeholders are for this strategy as ‘using pipelines to pump sand from areas of accumulation to areas of erosion would be an effective

Among many events, earthquakes can cause landslides. When a landslide does happen as a result of an earthquake, they are shallow, and rock and soil are disturbed when falling. But even so, when a larger landslide occurs, which is not often, it still adds to the amount of the landslide. Earthquake magnitude has relations with where a landslide happens, the distance of the landslide, and the landslide volume. Unfortunately, it has been found that landslides caused by earthquakes add to the decrease in landscapes (Jibson, 2013). However, regardless of the situation, there will always be factors that affect how much damage is done as a consequence