Bio 115 Study Guide Exam 1

our cells, and is able to be carried in the offspring of the person with cancer.

our cells, and is able to be carried in the offspring of the person with cancer.

One factor that every living thing has in common is that they are all composed of cells, the smallest structural and functional units of all organisms. Approximately two hundred different kinds exist, but the human body contains trillions. In all cells, there is a sheetlike boundary called a membrane that protects thousands of proteins, chromosomal DNA, called genetics, and other chemicals. Among cells are two distinct types with separately organized structures called prokaryotics and eukaryotics A nucleus, which carries genetics and determines the idenitity and function of a cell, exists in eukaryotes, along with many other organelles. Organelles are specially organized formations that allow cells to work properly. On the other hand, prokaryotes

P1 – Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. A typical animal cell is seen as a tiny, three dimensional sac which is in fact made up of many components, each as important as the other. The microstructure of an animal cell was in fact uncovered mainly through the use of both cell fractionation and electron microscopy. Each main component has its own, individual function which helps a cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The components that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes.

Cell Biology, BIOL 293, is one of ODU’s ‘required biology core courses.’ The course will focus on the structure and function of the cell; it will also focus emphatically on the notion that the cell is the basic unit of life.

Cells can be traced back to the basic structure of life. Cells make up all organisms such as, plants, the human body and fungi. There are different types of cells. The thing that differentiates Eukaryotic cells, which are animal and plant cells from Prokaryotic cells is the membranous organelles that are in the cytoplasm and chromosome proteins. The Eukaryotic cell nucleus contains most of the genetic material and controls all activity. mRNA translation happens in the ribosomes which carries out protein synthesis of the cell, while DNA replication occurs at the nucleus. Ribosomes are critical for protein assembly which is important for cellular functions. Also, there is endoplasmic reticulum, it has 2 type: rough and smooth. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for metabolic processes and lipid synthesis.

Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. This is a lot like skin protects and holds the body together. And much like the

The cell is the basic unit of life. Two groups are formed between living organisms, and those two groups are the eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Even though all organisms have the same characteristics of life, there are differences and similarities that are seen at the cellular level between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes came into play around 3.5 billion years ago and then the eukaryotes evolved around 1.5 billion years ago.

Discussed in chapter 12, are the different compartments of the cell, the explanation of how proteins are guided to specific organelles, and a discussion of how proteins cross cell membranes. Within a cell, the intracellular compartments are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endosome, lysosome, peroxisome, cytosol, and free ribosomes. The plasma membrane encloses all the intracellular compartments within this membrane contains the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the genetic information, such as DNA. The mitochondria are known as the “power house”; this is where ATP is generated in most cells. The lysosome is a digestive enzyme that is active at an acidic pH. The peroxisome is also an enzyme that produces and degrade hydrogen peroxide.

The prokaryotic cell stores its DNA within the cytosol, inside the capsule. The capsule protects the shape and structure of the cell. Inside the cell wall is the plasma membrane, which contains the plasma membrane. Within the plasma membrane is the cytosol and ribosomes. Attached to the cell is the flagellum. The flagellum is a whip-like tail that helps the cell move (Singh-Cundy, A., & Shin, G., 2015).

A cell organelle is a membrane bound compartment inside all eukaryotic cells that function in a variety of important cellular processes. Organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and the mitochondria. It is important to know information about organelles because they provide understanding of how the body functions everyday. In this experiment, cells are broken up and the cellular components are separated on the basis of size, mass, and density using a variety of centrifugation techniques (Lodish). Cell components of different densities, cell fractions, are isolated and analyzed to find the organelle’s function within the cell.

| RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information.

DNA contains cleverly coded information that passes on every single inherited characteristic. The nucleus is basically the control center of a cell. A vaulocole is a storage center for fat and other substances. Endoplasmic reticulum are tubes that move and store materials made by the cell. The cell membrane allows materials to pass in and out of the cell at thousands of places across its surface. Cytoplasm is a jelly like fluid between cell membrane and nucleus, where most of the cell's innards or organelles are found. The mitochondrion produces energy for the cell to use by breaking down substances. The lysosome is where digestion takes place. Golgi stores newly made proteins until they can be released by the membrane. And the ribosome is a protein producing factory. Proteins produce chemical messages that are used to run a

Mitochondrion is an importance structure that lies in the cytoplasm area. Mitochondrion is the plural word for mitochondria, which is the key organelle that converts energy from one form to another. Mitochondria changes the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. The mitochondrion contains two special membranes. The outer membrane surrounds the organelle, and the inner membrane has many folds that increase the surface area of the mitochondrion.

Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is a particle that conveys the hereditary directions utilized as a part of the development, improvement, working and multiplication of all known living beings and numerous infections. DNA and ribonucleic corrosive (RNA) are nucleic acids; close by proteins, lipids and complex sugars (polysaccharides), they are one of the four noteworthy sorts of macromolecules that are fundamental for every single known type of life. Most DNA atoms comprise of two biopolymer strands snaked around each other to shape a twofold helix.