Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
Denise L. Camacho
Blackhawk Technical College
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim
Infections, such as diarrhea and pneumonia, have not always been so easily treated. Today there are drugs, like sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX/TMP), which can treat specific strains of these infections; however, before the 20th century, infections were the number one cause of death in the developed world. During the 19th century, scientists began to observe antibacterial chemicals in action. Paul Ehrlich, who was credited for discovering the first modern antibiotic in 1909, also discovered that certain chemical dyes colored some bacterial cells but not others. He then concluded that it was possible to create substances that could
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It also helps with the prevention of PCP in HIV-positive patients, but should be used cautiously due to the incidence of adverse reactions. This drug is also active against many strains of gram-positive pathogens including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Nocardia, Enterococcus. It also has activity against many gram-negative pathogens, such as: Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant …show more content…
Some other common side effects include: decreased blood pressure (hypotension), fatigue, sensitivity to the sun (photosensitivity), hallucinations, headache, insomnia, mental depression, high blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia), low blood sodium levels (hypernatremia), diarrhea, inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis), inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), and inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, megaloblastic anemia, and thrombocytopenia, and crystals in the urine. Kernicterus can also occur in
The Black Death discusses the causes and results of the plague that devastated medieval Europe. It focuses on the many effects it had on the culture of medieval Europe and the possibility that it expedited cultural change. I found that Robert S. Gottfried had two main theses in the book. He argued that rodent and insect life cycles, as well as the changing of weather systems affect plague. He claimed that the devastation plague causes is partly due to its perpetual recurrences. Plague ravaged Europe in cycles, devastated the people when they were recuperating. As can be later discovered in the book, the cycles of plague consumed the European population. A second thesis, which he described in greater detail,
The Bubonic Plague, more commonly referred to as the "Black Death," ravaged Europe between the years 1347 and 1350. During this short period, 25 million people, one third of Europe's population at the time, were killed. Thousands of people died each week and dead bodies littered the streets. Once a family member had contracted the disease, the entire household was doomed to die. Parents abandoned their children, and parent-less children roamed the streets in search for food. Victims, delirious with pain, often lost their sanity. Life was in total chaos. The Plague was a disaster without a parallel, causing dramatic changes in medieval Europe. Coming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of
The Black Death was one of the most life-changing pandemics in history. It was first discovered 550 years later in the 1800s by Alexandre Yersin, a french biologist. In his honor, the plague was named Yersinia Pestis. The plague traveled in two major ways. Yersin discovered that it traveled by infected fleas; the flea would attempt to feed on a human or animal and would then regurgitate the disease into the new host, further spreading the illness. Urban areas across Europe were populous with rats, which were one of the main hosts of the plague. These rodents spread the Black Death throughout cities in days. The unaffected still were not safe if they did not come in contact with an infected flea or rat. The plague also traveled pneumonically, or through the air. It caused large boils full of blood and pus, which would pop and spread. Another symptom was coughing, which was one of the many ways of proliferation. The disease eventually spread throughout Europe and killed a third of it’s population. It’s wrath caused many shortages, loss in hope, riots, and even some good things, such as many changes in art, science, and education. Therefore, the Black Death was one of the most life-changing pandemics in history.
My topic is about the black plague. I choose this topic because I thought that it would be interesting to learn about the most catastrophic disease to happen in Europe. The exchange of the black throughout Europe was the greatest catastrophe ever because it killed 50 million people, more than any other bug or virus, there were smaller breakouts, and family’s abandoned each other.
Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia
Imagine going back in time to witness the Black Death that struggled Europe in the 14th century. The Black Death originated in China because China was huge on trading, eventually reaching Europe about 20 years later through trade routes. According to Source 1, the Black Death was a combination of three plagues: bubonic, killing cells and attacking the nervous system, forming black bumps appear on the body, pneumonic which causes a person to cough, spreading the plague and a high fever, causing the person to go in a coma, septicemic which goes directly in the bloodstream, causing a rash. Rats carried a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. Fleas bit rats, carrying the bacteria, then biting humans, causing the plague. Once the disease was contracted,
Ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin all sulphafurazole all were resistant to the bacteria as it may have grown a mutation.
Summary: The Black Death, by Philip Ziegler, covers the epidemic that spread throughout Eurasia around 1348. The book mostly focuses on England and how the disease affected this area. The book also covers other portions of Europe such as France, Italy, and Germany but not as in depth. Ziegler uses the research of many historians to piece together what occurred during this time of grief. Ziegler starts off the book explaining the origins and nature of the plague. He explains how the tartar attacked the port city of Genoa by catapulting diseased corpses in the city’s compound. The Genoese decided to flee and went further north, which caused the spread of
It’s the mid 1300’s, daily life is going as usual, a plague is going around, people start to panic, adults abandoning their children, some people are locking themselves indoors. A vile stench goes into the air. Plague Doctors, with their creepy bird-like masks and creepy blood covered cloak, start walking into town. A sharp pain cuts through the townspeople's bodies as they start feeling weaker and they see that their face is turning very red. Before anyone knows it a familiar body is in the street unresponsive. Edgar Allan Poe took inspiration from the symptoms on people from The Black Death and used it for “The Masque of the Red Death”, such as body color changing after death, dying soon after anyone gets the plague, and more. Edgar Allan Poe took inspiration from The Black Death when writing “The Masque of the Red Death.”
Hershey, Robert D Jr. "Douglass C. North, Maverick Economist, Author and Nobel Laureate, Dies at 95. " New York Times. 25 Nov. 2015: B9. eLibrary.
The Black Plague outbreak was one of the scariest events in human history. The people were afraid to do everyday activities and carry on with their normal routines. This plague is known to almost every person on Earth. Even as a kid, teachers tell their students about this plague. Even the thought of an outbreak like the Black Plague makes people’s skin crawl. I am included in that category. It has gotten to the point that when any outbreak of any type or kind of disease happens that the world gets into panic mode. All of this panic comes from the Black Death. In this synthesis and analysis essay I will cover the places the Black Plague reached, the effects of the Black Plague, and the thoughts of the people that lived in
During the period of 1348 to 1350 an epidemic disease by the name of the Black Death spread, killing more than half the population in Europe. The Black Death brought the medieval men and women to an apocalypse. People living in this time expected only death. Every graveyard was filled with the corpse of these victims. People believed the last judgment had come to the world and there was no hope of escaping it. People believed they were abandoned by God, and God was punishing them for their sins. From Italy to Ireland, Europe population decreased with the deaths of 20,000,000 people . Medicine or remedies could not aid the sick leaving them with hopelessness . Men started turning on each other forgetting about their morals, it was a breaking point of society. But even though some people did not survive , writers, doctors, priest left a unique description of that time. Their work left us a window to witness the death at that time. Despite of the catastrophe that was happening the continent did not go into a dark age after words. Their upcoming uprising was due to this horrific time of the Black Death.
The anticipated research paper will be taking into consideration the perspectives of the individuals that lived and died as a result of the Black Death, specifically from the year 1348 CE – 1350 CE and in the better known parts of the world during that period, the reactions, preventative measure that were taken to combat the plague, the religious and governmental response. In the collection of primary sources amassed by John Aberth in The Black Death, 1348-1350: the great mortality of 1348-1350 ; a brief history with documents1 he very succinctly provides a condensed description of each document by giving a background of the author as well as the source of the primary source. Aberth manages to do this while remaining impartial, an
“Yellow Fever kills about 30,000 people each year, and 90% of these deaths occur in Africa,” says Encyclopedia.com. This virus mainly causes the digestive system to malfunction. Many people with this virus experience muscle pain or soreness, high and rising fever, nausea and vomiting. The digestive system helps the body break down food and is a very important part of the body. Yellow Fever’s structure is very tiny making it easy to attack the body.
Many drugs develop in 20th century due to advance modern technology and the diseases are becoming easily curable. By creating antibiotics, the doctors avoided using Surgery to know what the problem inside the body is. During in ancient the treatment was based on herbal or old methods like Cupping, Trepanation (drilling holes in your head), or leeches (kind of worm) which used to bloodletting from the patient. After the revolution of invention microscope many scientist, whose studies antimicrobial, knew the shape or structure membrane of the bacteria and the Factors that determine bacteria's life (e.g. temperature, pH, osmatic pressure, oxygen, carbon, radiation, etc.). The first antibacterial drugs was in 1933, by Gerhard Domagk at the Bayer Laboratories in Germany, which deserved Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1939. During world war II, a tyrothricin (type of antibiotics) were very efficient to treat wounds and ulcers and it was the first commercially manufactured antibiotic