Bottle Neck Effect Research Paper

Bottleneck effect: when environmental change greatly reduces a population, the ratio of genes is mixed up. Certain alleles may be over/underrepresented among the survivor. Usually occurs from a natural disaster.

This happens when an affected parent has one recessive gene and one dominant gene whereas the other has two recessive genes, which allows two children to get two recessive genes meaning they will not be affected. Whereas the other two have one dominant gene meaning they will be affected by the disease.

A permanent change in a gene that can be passed on to children. The rare, early-onset familial

There are many known genetic diseases in the world. There are different types such as chromosomal and monogenic. Chromosomal disorders are when someone has too many or not as many chromosome as they are suppose to have (46 total chromosomes). Chromosomal disorders can also manifest when there are structural abnormalities. Monogenic disorders are an inherited medical condition caused by a DNA abnormalities. These diseases occur all throughout the world today. Depending on what region of the world you are in depends on what the most common ones are. Cystic Fibrosis has become the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States as of 1999. Although there are treatments available, there is not a known cure, and the effects remain burdensome

had occurred in members of 2 sibships related as first cousins once removed. Although autosomal recessive

discoveries is information regarding chromosomal and genetic disorders. Both chromosomal and genetic ailments can have harmful effects on the body. Genetic diseases such as Bloom's Syndrome occur as a result of gene alterations. These gene mutations cause the chromosomes to become unstable, leading to chromosomal breaks, separations and structural repositioning (Freivogel 170). Chromosomal diseases like Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease are also caused by mutations, which are nearly irreversible (Krajewski 232).

Developments in medicine have negatively impacted natural selection by causing an increase in genetic disorders. A genetic disorder can occur for many reasons. Sometimes chromosomes are missing or doubled. In other situations, the genetic code on chromosomes can get altered due to an anomaly when the RNA processes the information. Important information can be deleted, swapped, or completely altered. It is because of these changes in chromosomal DNA that changes in species come about. Genetic disorders are the negative effects of mutations in genes. For example, Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder which

The founders effect can lead to a descendant population that differs greatly from its parent population over a relatively short period of time, this is referred to as genetic drift. My example goes over the Equus, which as we know was the original horse, which was as big a pony, and soft as a teddy bear. Until harsh environments, mutations through matting allowed the equus to change not only its physical appearance, but how it reacts to the change in nature. My example would be how the Equus through time started to become bigger, stronger, faster, and more deadly. This was because the Equus was very vulnerable, giving it many years to learn it weakness, and through time drifted to become stronger and more

While most diseases are caused by obtaining two recessive alleles, there are certain genetic disorders that are more prevalent in smaller populations. In the fourteenth century, a small population of Jews immigrated to Germany. Since there were few of these individuals in their population, these immigrants were the founders in Germany for the Jewish community.

A person may either be born with genetic mutations in all of their cells or acquire a genetic mutation in a single cell during his or her lifetime. Most melanomas (about 90%) are considered sporadic, meaning that the damage to the genes occur by chance after a person is born and there is no risk of passing on the gene to a person’s children. An increased risk of melanoma is sometimes called

When a certain gene is known to cause a disease, it is referred as a single gene disorder or a Mendelian disorder. These disorders involve mutations in the DNA sequences of single genes. As a result, the protein the gene codes for is either altered or missing (Landsverk, 2013). Few examples of single gene disorders includes cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Fragile X syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Huntington disease. As a rule, single gene disorders are not very common. For example, only one in 2,500 people are born with cystic fibrosis. There are a number of inheritance patterns of single gene disorders that are predictable when you know what they are. There are three main transmission patterns: autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked or sex-linked recessive (Mahdieh, 2013).

There are three categories that can classify genetic diseases. They are single gene disorders, chromosome disorders, and multifactorial disorder or complex disease. Each of these categories are different with and affect people in certain ways. Single gene disorders, also called Mendelian disorders, are caused by a modification that occurs in one specific gene. An autosomal dominant defect occurs when there is an altered gene and a healthy gene that are inherited. An example of this type of defect would be Huntington’s disease, an individual only needs one copy of this defective gene on chromosome four to have the disorder. Autosomal recessive defect, is another type of single gene disorders that occurs when there is two altered variations of

To begin I will give the description of the bottle neck effect. When looking at the properties souring the bottleneck effect, it is most likely to happen with a random ecologic event and a decrease in population size, thus causing a chance for genetic variation.

Genetic disorders are very common some more than others. Its all has to do with our 46 chromosomes. Genetic disorders can occur to anyone. Many people believe genetic disorders only happen to those who have family cases with genetic disorders but, it’s not something you can truly control. When a cell is going through Meiosis the outcome should be that every gametes should have 23 chromosomes which carry your genetic code. At the beginning of Meiosis each homologous chromosomes pairs up with another homologous chromosome and then they start exchanging genetic code. This process is called Crossing Over. During this process there is a small chance that the exchange didn’t happen properly and not all the genetic code was transfer from one another. Which can later result in your genetic code failure.

Two examples of such are population bottle-necking and the founder principle. Population bottlenecking is when a population is drastically reduced in size due to an event such as a natural disaster. One big bottleneck event was the Toba super eruption approximately 74,000 years ago. The Toba eruption happened during an important period of