Breast Cancer : A Common Malignancy

Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.

Imagine being suddenly drafted to war, not prepared for the death and horror. Young, confused, scared, naïve. During the Vietnam War, many young men were forced to face a war that changed them, and not necessarily for the better. Many of the men who went to war experienced terrors that changed them in a way that affected their lives after, as shown by countless war stories and poems. Norman Bowker, from Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried (1990), is a perfect example of the hard-bitten war veteran archetype. Fighting in the Vietnam War and feeling as if he had a part in his friend’s death (Kiowa) caused him so much guilt and pain that he ended up hanging himself after endlessly driving around a lake when returning home. Similarly, Yusef Komunyakaa’s poem, “The Dead at Quang Tri”, emphasizes the ghosts that haunt soldiers during and after war. Overall, the haunting memories that characters deal with in war stories, like O’Brien and Komunyakaa’s, display the long lasting effects of death and war on the minds of soldiers.

There are many different diseases that terrorize the human race every day. Of all of these sicknesses, one of the most devastating is breast cancer. Breast cancer touches all types of people all over the world each day. It is actually the second most common cancer amongst women in the United States. One in every eight women in the United States has some form of breast cancer and currently, the death rates are higher than any other cancer with the exception of lung cancer. Cancer is defined by the Merriam-Webster Online dictionary as “a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis.” Therefore, breast cancer is a disease of

Herceptin can be used as an adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. [7] The inclusion criteria for adjuvant Herceptin therapy includes HER2+ breast cancer, nodal positive tumour, patients who have received approved neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy regimen and a normal cardiac function. [8][9] Exclusion criteria includes patients with a clinically significant coronary heart disease, patients requiring continuous oxygen etc. In adjuvant breast cancer therapy, Herceptin can be used in addition to other chemotherapy drugs like doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and either docetaxel or paclitaxel in a treatment regimen known as AC-TH. It can also be used in another treatment regimen known as TCH which includes docetaxel and cyclophosphamide. Herceptin can also be used as monotherapy treatment following a chemotherapy regimen. [8] Monotherapy Herceptin can only be given as a three-weekly schedule at a loading dose of 8mg/kg and a

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States. A mammogram, is a simple test done with x-ray, to screen women for abnormalities of the breast. Over the past six years, the guidelines put out by various healthcare organizations have changed multiple times on when women should begin screening mammograms. Based on statistical data collected by the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), 20 percent of women go without a screening mammogram for their own various reasons, of which may be lack of insurance, lack of time or lack of knowledge as to when they should be getting a screening mammogram done due to the recent changes in recommendations. The utilization of annual screening mammograms beginning at age 40 will continue to help reduce the incidence rate of women with breast cancer, or catch it early enough so that treatment can be sought.

Doctors estimate that there will be over 231,000 new cases of Breast cancer in 2015 alone.

According to the United States Breast Cancer Statistics (2016), in 2016 there will be an estimated 246,660 newly diagnosed cases of invasive breast cancer and 61,000 of non-invasive breast cancer among women. For this reason, when studying breast cancer based on a large-scale impact, it not only affects the patient themselves but, as well as their families and communities nationwide. Furthermore, many contributing factors lead to this being such a public health issue. Conclusively, there are specific programs, services, and policies that help to assist the contributing factors of such a public health threat. Nevertheless, breast cancer is still an increasing concern in society, and much-needed research is required to be able to detect and treat this disease.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death of women, secondary only to heart disease. Breast cancer will affect one of every eight women or approximately 12% of the population. In 2016 there are 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer that will be diagnosed as well as 46,000 cases of breast cancer in situ in women. Additionally, there are 2,600 cases of breast cancer that will be found in men. Breast cancer rates have been decreasing since the year 2000. This is thought to be partially due to increased screening measures as well as discontinuing the use of hormone replacement therapy. There was as positive link established between hormone therapy

This research will discuss the benefits of increasing breast cancer screening among women. I am interested in this topic because of my personal experiences with friends who are diagnosed with breast cancer. The more evidence based information that can be provided to women about the benefits of early screening will allow them to make an informed decision. The majority of death that occurs from breast cancer occurs in women who were not screened or did not get screened often (Rosenberg, 2013).

Breast cancer constitutes the second most prevalent cancer most common among women of the world with an estimated 1.62 million reported cases in 2012 which constitutes 25% of all cancer cases and ranks fifth among mortality due to cancer (Ferlay et al., 2015). In the United States, according to American Cancer Society an

It is well elaborated that health care providers should share information with their clients on the health benefits and the harm of breast cancers screening tests available (Siu, 2016). Also, the healthcare worker should clarify to the client using evidence all the screening methods available and known risks for cancer of the breast.

Every year for the last fifty years the number of cases of breast cancer in women has steadily increased. The only cancer that claims more women's lives in the United States is Lung Cancer.

Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most well-known geniuses in human history. This man masters knowledge of all kind: painting, architecture, music, geology, philosophy, biology, math, physics, chemistry, etc. His probably most famous painting, Mona Lisa, fascinated millions of people around the world and the amazing and mysterious details in the painting attracted a number of scientists and scholars to devote their whole career in studying them. Born and lived in Italian Renaissance age, which is a period of time when arts flourished and knowledge was valued, Leonardo was surrounded by many great contemporary artists and a perfect creative environment. These favorable factors supported him to fully exercise his talents.

An American modernist writer, novelist and journalist called Ernest Hemingway who was born in 21 July1899. His economical and understated style impacted twentieth-century fiction, while his life of enterprise and his open picture affected later eras. Hemingway created a large portion of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He lived through the World War 1 and World War 2 that gave him a variety of knowledge. His style was characterized by being Iconic and influences the writers till our days also, his personality and that type of adventure in his personality was shown clearly in his writes, plays... etc. He was called as the “Master of one true sentence”. Hemingway - himself an extraordinary sportsman – liked to depict fighters,

While the completion of treatment is excitedly anticipated, many cancer survivors would still be disturbed by the emotional and physical tribulation of their breast cancer trajectory (Surbone & Peccatori, 2006). This is because, the impact of cancer remains long even after treatment ended. Besides the common issues that accompany any cancer diagnosis, breast cancer survivors also have to deal with exclusive concerns such as decreased sexual function, relationship issues, fears about genetic inheritability of cancer and complications from this disease such as lymphedema (Hodgkinson, Butow, Fuchs, et al., 2007). Therefore, the completion of treatment does not equate to lesser need for health care. Long term health issues related to breast cancer survivors have thus emerged as a public health concern.