: Introduction 1000words
1.1 Background, Context and Scope
Contaminated land has been perceived as the occurrence of relatively rare, but potentially catastrophic incidents, with unforeseen and poorly understood consequences for human health, communities (Verplanken, 1990) and the environment, for example Barnes et al (2002); Levine (1982). Currently, contamination represents a widespread infrastructural problem of varied intensity and significance (Nathanail, 2004). Mass industrialisation and the technological advancements seen throughout much of Europe and North America during the 20th century can be characterised by disproportionately large increase in emissions of contaminants into the environment, where soil is often the ultimate sink
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The term ‘Brownfield’ land is widely used to describe such previously used sites, although its definition may differ between countries. In the UK context, Brownfield land has been defined as “sites that have been affected by former uses of the site or surrounding land; are derelict or underused, are mainly in fully or partly developed urban areas; require intervention to bring them back to beneficial use; and may have real or perceived contamination problems” (Oliver et al., 2005). Data suggest that as of 2012, 65,000 ha of Brownfield Land existed in England alone, was composed of around 100,000 individual sites and many of these sites were known or suspected to be contaminated (HaCA, 2012). The geographical distribution of brownfield land is presented in Map 1.1 …show more content…
Apart from local anecdotal knowledge, the only known record of site details is a 1940 German Luftwaffe reconnaissance photo (appendix 1) made available recently and depicting the site under construction. A substantial number of investigations, assessments and reports by a range of consultants and dating back to the 1970s have kindly been made available by Lancaster City Council’s contaminated land officer. Generally disparate in terms of the sections of the site and environmental aspects under evaluation, these reports relate to: cut and fill works, monitoring of Trimpell Tip leachate during previous ‘remediation’ works, and environmental statements among other
Prior to the late 1950s the site was used as an excavation pit for sand and gravel. The quarry was subsequently used for the disposal of waste materials from 1950 until 1966. 10 acres of the 28-acre site has been used as a disposal area for several hazardous waste contaminants that included volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, vinyl chloride and xylene; other organics such as phenols and PCBs as well as lead. The main area of contamination is in the southern half of the 10 acre area which encompasses about 6 acres which
The importance of comprehensive site investigations and getting the right report, and by an EPA accredited auditor can be seen in the court case Charben Haulage Pty Ltd v Environmental & Earth Sciences Pty Ltd (2004) FCA 403. In this case Caltex had obtained development consent from the local council to decommission a suburban service station and remediate it to residential standards. A condition of the consent was that an auditor accredited by the EPA would sign off the completed decontamination.
If in fact one of the historical uses raises eyebrows an ESA (environmental site assessment) would be the next step. The ESA is simply a further look at historical data, a site visit and report.
The areas of investigation were focused to the west of Douglass battery, chosen based on an 1804 watercolour painting by Edward Walsh (see figure 1). In the painting, three buildings are observed in the background, which prompted the survey of the suspected area. A grid was set up in the area with flags being placed at an interval of five meters. These intervals were test pitted down to the subsoil and the contents screened through mesh. The test pits, which revealed building material, were used to co-ordinate three different areas that would be excavated. Units were placed within each of these three spaces, laid in a way to maximize the area that would be covered. Areas one and three were supervised by teaching assistants Katie Anderson and Duncan Williams, while area two was under the supervision of Dr. John Trigs. All soil that was removed was screened through wire mesh and artifacts were placed in plastics bags with the provenience labeled on the front. The season lasted six weeks, beginning from May 11th, to June 5th 2015. At the end of the season, all units were backfilled with soil, with plastics sheets being placed in specific units to protect features.
This site was used as a manufacturing and packaging facility. From the 1970s to the present day, the property has been used to package and make chemical products such as cosmetics. The City of Newark now owns many parts of the property. Investigations of an oily spill in the Passaic river revealed that the waste was not properly disposed and that it contained VOCs and semi-volatile organic compounds, as well as metals and polychlorinated biphenyls. They still have not determined the statistics of how many people might be affected as well as what can be done to clean up this site to prevent further discharge into the river. The last superfund site that I looked into was the Diamond Alkali CO. This superfund site is contaminated by the byproduct of DDT or “Agent Orange” which was dioxin. Dioxin is an extremely toxic chemical. This company was manufacturing agricultural chemicals. This chemical through runoff ended up in Lower Passaic River. Because of that New Jersey prohibits the consumption of any fish or other organisms from that area. Now they are all trying to clean all the superfund
The purpose of this document is to provide an explanation for the cleanup of abandoned or contaminated industrial sites in Maryland. These contaminated sites are typically referred to as Brownfields or Superfund sites. A brownfield is a term used to describe land in the United States that is under used because redevelopment is complicated by the presence of environmental contamination.1 State entities work in cooperation with the EPA to delegate management of brownfield cleanup programs. Superfund sites are defined as abandoned sites that require federal action because they pose a real threat to human health or the environment. Congress establish the Superfund Program in 1980 to evaluate and clean up the worst sites nationwide. Superfund site
First off, the Environmental Protection Agency has to determine what the hazardous land is going to be used for in the future, then it can be determined the actions needed for the cleanup process. The EPA also has to determine if the cleanup process of the hazardous materials is a long term decision (if not the EPA continues to find a long term choice). In some cases, a cleanup remedy leaves hazardous materials on a site with certain standards that need to be met. For instance, “a parking lot t the Home Depot site in Denver, Colorado also serves as a protective cover for insoluble metals – contaminated soils; The contaminated soils were consolidated into four contaminated cells” (EPA, 2002). This particular site is just one example of many sites that are reused for commercial
Following these steps helps ensure that all sites get remediated to levels that will protect people and the environment. Within each of these steps there are indications of what the site’s future use could entail. When the site is under consideration for redevelopment into a recreational facility, there are several factors that EPA pays close attention. One of the most important is containment, if there is going to be contaminants left on-site, are the proposed technologies for
Brownfields are abandoned properties that have the potential presence of of a hazardous substance or contaminant. A contribution to the contamination or pollution of a site are underground storage tanks.
This particular incident costing “approximately $11,500,000” (VanGuilder, para. 5.4) is an astronomical figure that without a doubt would be devastating to a business. The real impact lies however that the contamination may never fully be recovered even after the cleanup process is complete. Furthermore incidents such as this will undoubtedly impact the local wildlife causing unnecessary death to creatures in the affected area. Stiff penalties are completely justifiable in these
In this report I will examine a reflection on a building consent application for the demolition of ‘Riverside one’ as called or ‘Shell Store’, which is a non-listed building in a conservation area, and is part of the restoration project of the ‘lost’ 19th century Lower Barrier ditch of Chatham Lines. This is in the perspective view of the partial and broader regeneration of the town environments and riverfront. The decision of demolition of this listed building, was taken from an idealistic Masterplan organized by Medway Council in 2010 for the restoration of the Chatham Gun Wharf site, in respect of broader communal benefits, equally physical and intellectual, to the nationally important historic defences.
The Environmental Protection Agency defines contaminated lands as sites polluted by hazardous wastes and materials that have been unwarrantedly handled, sites containing toxic materials that may have been deposited due to terrorist acts or natural disasters, or sites that contain hazardous materials that are the result of accidents or incorrect handling (EPA).
Earth is constantly haunted by problems like contaminated water, growing deforestation, and excessive greenhouse gasses, but the pollutant
The largest source of contamination is runoff from land. Toxic runoff can be sewage, rainwater flowing over exposed topsoil, flooding or agricultural runoff. Rain can cause runoff of chemicals or waste that can seep into creeks, rivers and other waterways that lead to the ocean. Some of the chemicals found could be antibiotics or waste from animals, pesticides from crops or from pollutants, originating in the air, which have settled on land and washed away. Unless a solution to pollution runoff is found, this type of contamination will continue indefinitely and contribute to the deterioration of the ecosystem in the
Phytoremediation is the process by which plants and trees are used to remove or stabilize hazardous pollutants that exist in soil, sediments, surface water or groundwater. The EPA (environmental protection agency) estimates that more than 30,000 sites in the U.S. are in need of environmental treatment, and a great number of these sites are contaminated with highly toxic metals. Abandoned or under-used commercial and industrial facilities, termed as “brownfields,” are a major contributor to this environment concern. “Brownfields” pose significant health risks to nearby residential populations and threaten the plant and animal life close to them. Phytoremediation provides a very