Buss-Perry Aggression Report

Social Psychological Theories of Aggression Social learning theorists propose that behaviour, such as aggression is learnt through observation, imitation and behaviour shaping. This behaviour is learnt automatically through observation of male and female role models, for example parents, peers and media characters. Whether or not this behaviour is imitated depends on the type of reinforcement that the role model receives. Vicarious reinforcement involves the outcome of a role models behaviour, for example if a child observes a parent acting aggressively and receiving positive rewards for they are more like to be imitate this behaviour in the future, than they would be if the role model

Using anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE), a meta-analyses of forty- two studies demonstrated extensive gray matter deficits in frontal, temporal, cingulate and insular cortex and thalamus in schizophrenia (SZ) when compared to healthy controls. Similarly the same meta-analyses of fourteen studies showed gray matter reductions in anterior cingulate and bilateral insula in bipolar disorder (BD) when compared to healthy controls (Ellison-Wright I and Bullmore E, 2010). However the regions of grey matter reduction were less extensive in bipolar than schizophrenia. Another recent meta-analyses conducted using revised ALE showed consistent gray matter decreases in patients (SZ, BD) in bilateral anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), dorso/ventro medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus along with gray matter increases in

Expert’s reason that unevenness in the complicated interconnected chemical responses of the brain connecting the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate, and maybe others, performs a part in schizophrenia. Neurotransmitters are elements that permit brain cells to interconnect with each other. Experts are acquiring more about brain chemistry and its connection to schizophrenia. Similarly, in small methods the brains of people with schizophrenia appear diverse than those of healthful people. For instance, fluid-filled holes at the middle of the brain, called ventricles, are greater in certain people with schizophrenia. The brains of people with the disorder similarly manage to have less grey matter, and certain

Unfortunately, changing the biological composition of their brain is not as easily achieved. Studies have found multiple areas of interest when studying the brain structures in psychopaths. These minor differences provide a world of knowledge into what composes a psychopath. Since each area of the brain serves a specific function, determining the effects of abnormalities correlates to the area of interest. Due to the major costs associated with many tests, they are not performed unless indicated. Brain imaging research on psychopathy: Implications for punishment, prediction, and treatment in youth and adults provides us with the very new research that has been conducted on both adult psychopaths, and juveniles that display callous unemotional traits (CU) and have disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) (Umbach et al., 2015). Research done has not given conclusive results that fits for each and every psychopath, but an area of commonality is the amygdala. “In addition to their finding of significant bilateral volume reductions in psychopaths, Yang et al. (2009) identified localized surface deformations in four of the 13 nuclei: the basolateral, lateral, cortical, and central nuclei.” (Umbach et al., 2015, p.296). The paralimbic structure is seen as the emotion processing center of the brain, controlling all emotions including empathy and conditioned fear

Today, scientists at the University of Iowa are studying abroad how people suffering from the mental disorder, schizophrenia, may have less brain tissue than those who do not have the disorder. Schizophrenia deeply affects the brain and causes individuals to lose touch with reality and have unorganized thoughts, troubled perceptions and unsuitable emotions and actions. “Schizo” means split and “phrenia” means mind, however this does not mean that this is a split mind or personality disorder, like most people commonly mistake this as. In order to understand this disorder, we need to take a look at the actual condition and how it is defined, apart from other disorders, speculated causes, such as genes from

Schizophrenia is a brain disease. Many studies have been conducted regarding the brain localization of schizophrenia. One study established that schizophrenia is characterized by significant loss in the grey matter of the brain. The loss was detected to be up to 25% in some areas and the damage was seen to begin at the parietal (outer) regions of the brain then spreading to the rest of the regions of the brain over a period of about five years ADDIN EN.CITE Rajagopalan1998923(Rajagopalan, MacBeth, & Varma, 1998)92392317Rajagopalan, MMacBeth, RVarma, SLXXY chromosome anomaly and schizophreniaAmerican Journal Medical GeneticsAmerican Journal Medical Genetics64-65811998( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_9" o "Rajagopalan, 1998 #923" Rajagopalan, MacBeth, & Varma, 1998). Another study showed that patients who had the worst loss of brain tissue also exhibited the worst symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, psychotic and bizarre thoughts, hearing voices, depression and delusion ADDIN EN.CITE Conklin2002797(Conklin & Iacono, 2002)79779717Conklin, Heather M.Iacono, William G.Schizophrenia: A Neurodevelopmental PerspectiveCurrent Directions in Psychological ScienceCurrent Directions in Psychological Science33-371112002Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of Association for Psychological Science09637214http://www.jstor.org/stable/20182759( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_2" o "Conklin, 2002 #797" Conklin & Iacono, 2002).

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (or an MRI) has been used to look into the minds of these psychopaths, which allows scientist to evaluate the brains of serial killers and take note of the things that are not quite normal. Sean Martin discusses in his article that neuroimages “found diminished activity in areas of the brain are linked to self-awareness.” Self-awareness is the processing of emotions and sensitivity to violence. (Sean Martin). The article tells us that the findings on these scans propose that several people who are being punished for their crimes at the moment cannot control their behaviors. This shows these people are experiencing different disorders that need treatment. Also in the article, Graeme Fairchild states that he found adolescents with violent tendencies had a shrunken amygdala, which is the part of the brain that controls emotions and morality. These brain scans simply show that people with disorders are not actually killing others to be harmful and horrific human beings, but because they can not actually control themselves or the way they feel when performing these actions. According to bestcouncelingdegrees.net, Jim Fallon, a neurologist, also studied brain scans and compared them to his sons brain, as well as his own. These scans showed

The amygdala is an almond-shaped region of gray matter in the temporal lobe. This part of the brain is crucial for the creation of stimulus–reinforcement associations, both punishment and reward based, and the processing of emotional expressions. The amygdala, however, is not as responsive as it could be in psychopaths. R. J. Blair argues in The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy that critical functions of the amygdala are compromised in individuals with psychopathy (Blair, 2008). Functional magnetic resonance imaging data has shown that psychopaths have less responsive and smaller amygdalae than the control data set. Individuals with psychopathy showed significant bilateral volume reductions in the amygdala compared with controls with the left having a reduction of 17.1% and the right having a reduction of 18.9% (Yang, 2009). Importantly, significant correlations were found between the reduced amygdala volumes and increased total psychopathy scores. This specific study enhances the reigning hypothesis that the amygdala abnormalities present in psychopaths contribute to emotional and behavioral symptoms of psychopathy. The deficient amygdala causes psychopaths to not be opposed to performing actions that cause unfavorable consequences. Consequently, they cannot be trained or remediated

The brain is composed of mostly grey and white matter. Grey matter contains most of the neuronal connections for the brain. It can be found on the outer surface of the cerebellum and around the spinal cord. “Observations have been made of reductions in the size and total neuron numbers, but not in neuronal density,” (Höistad, 2009, p. 3). This is an outstanding discovery when analyzing schizophrenia. White matter contains many neurons as well. Researchers pay close attention to these neurons and the myelination of the axons. “Interstitial white matter neurons have been found to be increased in prefrontal white matter and temporal white matter in subjects with schizophrenia, supporting further the presence of a neurodevelopmental abnormality in schizophrenia,” (Höistad, 2009, p. 3). This means that they white matter neurons never became myelinated and mature in parts of the brain. Problems like these can mess with the connections in the brain between neurons. Research like this highlight schizophrenia as being a developmental disorder of the brian, but more research is being done including other areas as well. “The pruning of axonal connections during brain development and maturation may be necessary for adequate formation of appropriate neuronal circuits,” (Höistad, 2009, p.

Aggression and violence has long been associated with mental illness, especially those suffering from psychosis (reviewed by Singh et al. 1). To what extent individuals suffering from schizophrenia contribute to the prevalence of criminal violence is the theme of this research report.

During this past summer, The University of North Carolina (UNC) was infected with a micro-aggressive pandemic. Micro-aggression is everyday put downs or insults which is towards a socially devalued group of well-intended people who may be unaware that they have engaged in such biased behaviors (Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, D. W., 2003). The entire campus was tormented with the politically correct malady. The University officials discharged guidelines to the staff on issues ranging from gender-neutral dress codes to conversations about women's shoes in hopes of spreading off the atrocious disease. One of the guidelines of the University's Employee Forum advised against complimenting a woman on her chores of footwear. Campus Reform was the first to the Universities micro-aggression policy. It covered everything from Islam to transgenderism. To compliment a lady on her choice of shoes would be considered micro-aggression meaning "I notice how you look and dress more than I value your intellectual contributions. How you look is really important." (Todd Starnes, 2016)

“New test and machines also enabled researchers to study the structure of schizophrenic brains.” There were studies done to compare those of a normal brains and ones affected by Schizophrenia, it showed several structural differences. “The most common finding was the enlargement of the lateral ventricles, which are

In the article, Accelerated Brain Aging in Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Pattern Recognition Study1 published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the authors decided to investigate the characteristic progressive brain loss that occurs in schizophrenia patients. In particular, they are testing the idea that this progressive brain loss is the result of the brain aging more rapidly in individuals affected by schizophrenia than in unaffected individuals. Schizophrenia is a very rare disease that manifest in several different ways and in different severities. Schizophrenia is often associated with symptoms such as paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization in behavior and thinking. The cause of schizophrenia is not known

Due to its primary role in processing memory and emotional reactions, over the last decade and a half psychologists have been linking the amygdala to psychopathy. It is involved in aversive conditioning and instrumental learning and is thus involved in all the processes that, when impaired, produce the same functional impairments displayed by psychopaths. Two famous studies conducted by Tiihonen and Kiehl respectively have confirmed this. Tiihonen used a volumetric MRI to test and confirm the positive correlation between low amygdaloid volume and a high degree of psychopathy in violent criminals (measured by the Hare checklist-revised) while Kiehl used a functional MRI to prove reduced amygdala response during an emotional memory task in individuals who scored high on the Hare checklist-revised. However, both these studies along with numerous others were conducted using violent offenders as subjects rather than individuals with psychopathy. Although many psychopaths do exhibit violent tendencies, not all violent offenders are necessarily psychopaths. A study conducted by Raine is one of the few that did focus only on individuals exhibiting psychopathy. In his study Raine was able to show reduced prefrontal grey matter in his test subjects. Unfortunately though, he was unable to differentiate between grey matter in different regions of the prefrontal cortex. It is however clear that there is one region of the frontal cortex that could be

The Anatomy of Violence presents the latest findings in the field of biological psychology and human behavior, focusing on brain chemistry, as it relates to human behavior, and offers great insight on how brains of those who commit acts of violence or crime differ from those who do not. Mr. Raine provides solid scientific data regarding the ways in which brain chemistry differs and how injuries can alter personality using medical MRI and fMRI and various neurotransmitter studies. A clear connection between human biology and behavior emerges, bringing