Carotid Injury Research Paper

When an artery in the brain is block (ie; TIA) open collateral vessels can allow blood to

Coronary Artery Disease, also known as CAD, is the most common form of heart disease. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Coronary Artery Disease obstructs the blood flow in vessels that provides blood to the heart which is caused by the buildup of plaque on the artery walls. (Rogers, 2011, p.87) (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque is a yellow substance that consists of fat substances, like cholesterol, and narrows or clogs the arteries which prevents blood flow. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque can build up in any artery but usually favors large and medium sized arteries. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009)

A surgeon removes blood vessels from other part of your body, which are then used to reroute the blood flow around the clogged blood vessel. This is a more invasive surgery that requires longer recovery time.

Cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, will lead to brain damage that affects the functioning of executive function, memory, language, visuospatial performance and emotional states. Corresponding vertebral arteries and carotid arteries provide blood to the brain from the heart that the carotid arteries are internal and external sections of the thyroid cartilage. Where the optic nerve rests the internal artery distributes into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The vertebral arteries arise through the spinal vertebrae and meet the lower pons to form the basilar artery. The brain receives 15% to 20% of the oxygenated blood from the heart and can only endure fleeting interruptions of blood flow before neural operations

Cerebral Carotid ultrasound, this creates a detailed image of the interior of the carotid artier, which will show the buildup of fatty plaque the patient may have ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). Cerebral Angiogram, is a procedure in which a tube is inserted through the groin and dye is injected so the vessels become visible through X-ray image that will show the vessels in the brain and the neck. Echocardiogram is the sound waved the heart makes from the heart to the brain, this will show a blood clot that causes a stroke ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic," 2015). The physician will also order some blood work to be done, they will look at blood clotting, sugar absorbency, any possible imbalances and any possible infections ("Diagnosis - Stroke - Mayo Clinic,"

an artery in the neck. Once the catheter is in place, the needle is removed and a

This type of procedure is performed in a hospital or outpatient setting under the supervision of a certified Interventional Radiologist. Commonly performed procedures can include the treatment of varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, IVC filter placement, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), etc. This type of modern imaging has greatly decreased the amount of invasive surgeries as well as limits the cost for patients. With this procedure, imaging such as x-ray, CT, or ultrasound are used to guide the doctor through minor incisions into the body.

angioplasty. It is a procedure where a stent is placed in the artery through the groin and restores

Pulmonary embolectomy. Rarely used, this is surgery done to remove a PE. It is done only in severe cases when the PE is very large, the patient can not get anticoagulation and/or thrombolytic therapy due to other medical problems or the patient has not responded well to those treatments, or their condition is

Aneurysm Embolization is done in Interventional Radiology, by an Interventional Neuroradiologist. The radiologist uses guide wires, known as catheters to locate the aneurysm. Through the catheter a small coil can be placed into the aneurysm. With these coils the body will develop blood clots around them which prevent blood from entering the aneurysm. This eliminates the risk of rupturing aneurysms. There are many different types of stents that can be used for aneurysm embolization. Many of these stents depend on the type of aneurysm. A stent that’s commonly used is the Solitaire AB Stent. This stent is used for the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms in the brain as well as small intracranial aneurysms. Another type of embolization device that’s used is pipeline; this device is used for dissecting cerebral aneurysms.

1. Angioplasty: Kereiakes and Wetherill write that “angioplasty is a procedure in which a heart doctor inserts a balloon catheter over a thin wire across an artery. The balloon is inflated and compresses the plaque to clear the arteries of any blockage.”(p. 106-107).

Echocardiographic examination revealed diastolic relaxation delay with an ejection fraction of 67%. Cerebral MR angiography demonstrated 85-90% stenosis at the proximal part of the basilar artery and 40-50% stenosis at the cavernous segment of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed, which revealed stenoses in the distal segments of the bilateral internal carotid arteries, V4 segments of the bilateral vertebral arteries and at the junction of basilar artery, which were more prominent on the right side (Figure 2).

Involvement of the carotid and vertebral arteries leads to neurologic and ophthalmologic symptoms, including dizziness, tinnitus, headaches, syncope, stroke, and visual disturbances. Atrophy of facial muscles and jaw claudication are mostly late manifestations. Occlusions of the brachiocephalic and subclavian arteries impair blood flow to the upper extremities, presenting as arm claudication, pulselessness, and discrepant blood pressures. The detection of bruits can be helpful in making the diagnosis 6.

Vessel disease. It is an invasive and high risky procedure including a small risk of coro

Cardiac catheterization a long flexible thin tube place in blood vessel in arm, groin, or neck looks in coronary arteries. Dye can be added to see how well the heart is pumping.