Catherine I

It was a respectable movement involving the most responsible and accomplished people of France"3. This new reformation showed that the French Protestants wanted freedom politically and religiously. In Salman's article "Who Were The Huguenots?" He explains that almost one third of the French nobility, including some of the most powerful in the land became a part of the new reformation4. Although a heavy number of Huguenots were a part of this new reformation the Huguenots were still a minority group considering that ninety five percent of France was still Roman Catholic. In Scoville Warren's journal article, "The Hugunots in the French Economy" he explains that there is ample evidence that the French Protestants constituted a "penalized minority"5. The Huguenots were conscious of the social and political discrimination directed towards

Catherine, II, the Great was born in Stettin, a German city on April 21, 1729 to Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerost and Princess Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Catherine, whose original name was Sophie Friederike-Auguste married in 1762 to the czarevitch Peter of Russia, but soon disposed of him and seized control of the government. Catherine made many great changes during her reign and made many opportunities available to the people living in her country during the time. Although she was a woman in a country in a time when men had control over everything, she rose above, saw what she wanted, and took over what she wanted. She knew what she wanted and she went for it, she was an amazing ruler of her time period.

What was the Protestant Reformation? Put into its simplest form, it was the evolution of the Roman Catholic Church; changing the religious beliefs and practices forever. Many people throughout history contributed to this famous movement, but not all of these people get the recognition they deserve, for example, Anne Boleyn. She was the queen of England from 1533 to 1536, becoming queen by marrying King Henry VIII. She brought new reformist ideas to the table, saved those being persecuted, and, with her dying words, provided an example of the one thing Christians everywhere should live by: love. Although her modern and unique views might have been looked down upon during the time of her reign, Christians today can view her as role model and a martyr.

Martin Luther is a ruler that was from Saxony. He had begun the Protestant Reformation in 16th-century Europe. The way he began the Protestant tradition is by taking his followers and soon splitting from the Roman Catholic church. Europe had split into two, the north and the south. People closer to Rome were more catholic. Those for whom was further were not as catholic. Charles the fifth came along and created peace. He created peace by beating them to be Christians. Charles didn't have enough power so he made power with the Lutherans. He later then gave up because he saw himself as a failure and stepped down from

Henry IV of France was able to act as a "fox" by evaluating what mattered more to him. When Henry converted to Catholosism out of being a Hugenot during the Saint Bartholomew 's Day Massacre, it was clear that he valued his own life over religion. Even when he coverted back to Calvinism afterwards, he soon relized his valued of being in power over religion would cause him to convert, once again, back into Catholism. “Paris is worth a Mass," he said as he gave into the Roman Catholic Church for the leadership of France. This value of state over religion made him a politique, believing that no religious truth was worth the ravages of cicil war. He kept France from futher civil war by issuing the Edict of Nantes which acknowledged Catholicism as th official religion of France but guaranteed the Hugenots the rights to worship. He was wise to recognize that tolerance can help establish peace in his nation and also to convert to Cathalosism because of their bigger population in France.

Starting with a little bit about Catherine she came from a noble family in Florence Italy. Her parents were Lorenzo and Madeleine. Both of her parents died right after her birth, leaving her with all the

King Louis XIV distrusted the Protestants and everything they stood for. Because of that, he revoked the Edict of Nantes and

The American singer, songwriter, actress, and filmmaker - whose career spans for six decades - Barbara Streisand, will be on the director's chair for the flick "Catherine the Great," and the film's casting is already underway.

Sophie of Anhalf-Zerbst was born on May 2, 1729 in the Germany city of Stettin (Szczecin, now Poland). She was born of a minor German prince, into a society that legally separated and isolated its female population. Though society was against her she was recognized by her father for her great ability to learn and remember concepts and ideas. After proving her ideas and abilities, she received a formal education. In 1744, at the age of 14, she married the Grand Duke Peter of Holstein who was heir to the Russian throne . Although Sophie was German she strove to be as Russian as her mother in-law. Sophie not only studied the Russian language, but she also took the name of Catherine II to honour her mother who was also named Catherine.

When Catherine de Medicis sons were younger she had control over what happened in France however as they became older they could speak their mind and make their own decisions. However, having listened to their mother their entire life their decisions were usually persuaded by their mother’s opinions quietly and forcefully. According to Williamson and Josephs book “Catherine de Medici” Charles IX was inclined to insane murderous anger and attempted to exorcise murderous fantasies. According to Knechts book “The French wars of religion 1559-1598” the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre can be interpreted as the “cumulation of popular disturbances in Paris.” On August 22nd Admiral Coligny was shot and wounded, Huguenots rushed to his side in worry and fear. In fear that the Huguenots would retaliate the assassination of the Huguenots was ordered. On the night of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Charles was overwhelmed and lashing out. Charles felt betrayed and his mother was attempting to control his decisions. In the midst of his panic he exclaimed “Kill the admiral if you wish; but you must also kill all of the Huguenots so that not one is left to reproach me Kill them all!” (Williamson and Joseph, “Catherine de Medici”) Catherine would have been satisfied with killing only the main leaders of the Huguenots, however she was overjoyed with her son’s

In addition, absolute monarchs attempted to interfere with the religion of the people. The most notable case is in England where monarchs constantly attempted to either keep the Protestant beliefs or convert back to Catholicism. Even before the age of absolutism, this was a cause for much unrest. In fact, when James II came to the throne and made it clear he wished to restore the Catholic faith, England was almost thrown into another civil war. Over in Russia, Peter’s adoption of the Julian calendar did not cause so much civil unrest as it did instability due to the resulting confusion. Louis XIV also allowed mistreatment of French Protestants, also known as Huguenots, by revoking the Edict of Nantes. The Edict granted

Subsequently, the bloodiest and most violent of conflicts followed as well as the assassination of the duke of Guise, paving the way for the Peace of Saint-Germain-en Laye and ending the brutal fighting. Following these events, the Huguenots began to steadily gain influence, entertaining the notice of Catherine. Unhappy about the situation, Catherine set to convincing her son, Charles, that the Huguenots were planning a coup. Fearful of losing the crown, Catherine, with the help of the Guises, hastily ordered the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, causing the death of twenty thousand Protestants

This period of fighting saw massacres of Huguenots (French Protestants) by the Catholic monarchs of France, most prominently during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572 (where almost 30,000 French Protestants were killed across France in targeted assassinations and mob beatings). Eventually the wars would culminate with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, a treaty issued and signed by King Henry IV of France, who had converted from Protestantism to Catholicism and called for general tolerance.

The Civil war between King and the parliament caused many factors to arise. Religion, money and power played a part. As for religion King Charles I married queen of France who was Catholic. This feared people in England because the thought of the king changing the country from protestant to catholic. Not only, King Charles I used tax money on his family and military weapons rather than the country. He believed the rights of kings and the power they held. As a ruler for eleven years, he always had way to make money either by taxation or loans. In the sixteenth century, these conflicts lead to a new turning point in Europe. In response, new transformation in working class, modern revolution, and expanding the government while improving the

In Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, the author uses Lady Catherine de Bourgh's actions and dialogue to suggest her high social class. From the moment Lady Catherine is introduced into the novel, she is described as speaking "in so authoritative a tone" which "marked her self-importance", viewing herself above her company before she even knows them (Austen 110). During the visit to Rosings Park, Lady Catherine's grand estate, the ladies find themselves listening to Lady Catherine not only "delivering her opinion on every subject in so decisive a manner as proved that she was not used to have her judgement contradicted" but also digging into Charlotte Lucas's personal life and "[giving] her a great deal of advice, as to the management