Causes Of Parkinson's Disease

The cause of Parkinson disease, defined by Robert Hauser, who is an author of Medscape, is still unclear. Studies state that there is a combination of environmental and genetic factors for this particular disease. Approximately 10% of cases are currently genetic causes of Parkinson disease. Environmental risk factors such as use of pesticides, living in a rural environment, consumption of well water, exposure to herbicides, and proximity to industrial plants or quarries are commonly associated with the development of Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016). In addition, according to Hauser, “genetic factors in Parkinson disease appear to be very important when the disease begins at or before age 50 years. In a study of 193 twins, overall concordance for MZ and DZ pairs was similar, but in 16 pairs of twins, in whom Parkinson disease was diagnosed at or before age 50 years, all 4 MZ pairs, but only 2 of 12 DZ pairs, was concordant.The identification of a few families with familial Parkinson disease sparked further interest in the genetics of the disease.

Identified as LRRK2, this gene mutation only accounts for one to two percent of all cases of Parkinson’s disease. (Michael J. Fox Foundation)

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

What causes this disease? There is no actual mapped out cause of this disease. It can be congenital and most of the time it is a sudden onset. There are a lot of signs that can let people know that they are starting down that path. A lot of times the actual person doesn’t know its happening though, it usually takes a family member, spouse, or friend to point it out because they see the change first-hand. The disease progresses by the continuous deterioration of the brain tissue. The damaging of the brain tissue breaks down critical centers of the brain that control daily activities. This disease causes memory loss and cannot be regained or new ones be made. It causes them to be a different person and act differently that they would have

Once the disease hits the hypothalamus life expectancy is greatly reduced because a person becomes unable to tell when they need sustenance. This is all caused by abnormal deposits of proteins from amyloid plaques and tau tangles throughout the brain, and once-healthy neurons stop functioning, lose connections with other neurons, and die (Site this). Finally the brain has shrunk and damage is widespread throughout the brain.

Mutations of two genes, Parkin and PINK1, have been identified in autosomal recessive Parkinsonism (Pickrell and Youle, 2015). The functions of PINK1 and Parkin have been implicated in the maintenance of healthy mitochondria through regulating mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy that eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria (Moran et al., 2012). Recently, the DJ-1 protein known by its antioxidant and transcriptional modulator function has been indicated to work with PINKs and Parkin to control mitochondrial function (Irrcher et al.,

At the same time, Parkinson’s is still quite sporadic in nature. Should there be a familial relation however, mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause Parkinson’s disease. Familial cases of Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in the LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, or SNCA gene, or by alterations in genes that have not been identified. In most cases, people with these mutations will develop Parkinson’s

Although the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, it is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of ventral midbrain region [9]; [1]. Its prevalence is associated with age. Approximately 1% of the population is affected at 65–70 years of age, which increases to 4–5% in 85-year-olds [2]. Various epidemiological studies and pathological analyses have demonstrated that mean age of onset in sporadic PD, which accounts for about 95% of cases of Parkinsonism is 70 years [7]; [3]. Familial form of Parkinson’s disease is linked to genetic mutations and has prevalence rate of 4%. Familial Parkinson’s disease patients develop early-onset disease before the age of 50

Changes to the brain can cause lifelong effects. A few of the effects include Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s disease, and Prion disease. These effects can further damage the brain and symptoms can ultimately cause death.

There are two important physiological abnormalities that define the disease: amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Abnormal protein deposits throughout the brain form amyloid plaques and tau tangles. Amyloid is a normally harmless protein that appears throughout the body. Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase and γ-secretase leads to the formation of beta-amyloid, a toxic version of the protein, which leads to the death of neurons. While the mode of action of beta amyloid is still not definitively known, a 2012 study by the University of Michigan supports the idea that it damages neuronal membranes (Moore). According to this theory, the plaques poke tiny holes in the membrane, allowing calcium to flow into the neuron uncontrollably, leading to the eventual death of the neuron. Another theory is that the beta amyloid breaks down to form free radicals that attack the neurons. The degenerated neurons and the amyloid protein combine to form sticky clumps, known as amyloid plaques, that the body is incapable of breaking down naturally. As a result, these plaques build up throughout the brain, leading to the loss of connections between neurons. According to research, plaque formation first occurs in the hippocampus, which plays a vital role in memory formation. Overtime, additional brain structures are affected, and significant brain tissue shrinkage

The disease that I have chosen is Parkinson’s Disease it is a disease that causes uncontrollable shaking in the body that your brain is causing. Parkinson’s Disease is caused because your body do not produce enough dopamine. Some causes for Parkinson’s disease can be genetics, and environmental triggers. For example, if you are a exposed to certain toxins then you have a miniscule chance of getting parkinson’s but it is very rare. Some other causes for parkinson’s can be having the presence of Lewy bodies in your brain. Which are clumps of specific substances that are found in the brain. These Lewy bodies are an important part to the cause of Parkinson’s disease but completely the cause. But, scientists believe that important factor to the cause is a protein that is found in these Lewy bodies. This protein is called alpha-synuclein, which is a protein that the cells in your body can not break down and therefore it could be a harm to the cells around it in the brain that control the nervous system. Another point is genetics in which you can get it from past generations because the creation of the protein the brain is passed down. Though it is very rare it is still very possible that you could get it and you can get Parkinson’s Disease.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

Parkinson disease arises from loss or lack of certain nerve cells (neurons) in part of the brine it's called the substantia nigra, and that lead to loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in your brain called dopamine it causes abnormal brain activity.

Parkinson’s Disease is Progressive degenerative disease. Edith is currently transitioning from stage two into stage three of the disorder. This stage in designated by minimal to moderate control of subsystems involved in speech as well as decreased ability to initiate fine and gross motor movements.

That was a very good assignment. I have read several etiologies for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The real cause of PD is still unknown according to my opinion. Some researchers conclude that PD may cause by a progressive impairment or deterioration certain nerve cells (neurons) in the brain gradually break down or die. There is considerable controversy surrounding the possibility of a genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. You have stated that the pathogenesis is multifactorial with genetic predisposition, exogenous and endogenous toxins. To me, the genetic cause of Parkinson's disease is considerable controversy. According to NHS Choices (2016), a number of genetic factors have been shown to increase a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease,