Cell Biology Final Essay

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

There are two basic cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotic. The prokaryotes are molecules surrounded by membrane and cell wall, it has no membrane-bound nucleus and are multicellular. All bacteria, are cells of members Kingdom Prokaryotae, are called prokaryotic. They have a simple structure, do not have complex organelles and internal membranes. Where the eukaryotes is a more complex cell than the prokaryotes which are, protoctista animal, fungi, or plant cells.

There are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They include membrane-bound organelles, presence of a nucleus, and being multicellular or unicellular.

What are the structural components of the cell membrane? Taking into consideration ‘polar’ heads, ‘non polar tails’ and the ‘two layer sandwich’ continue to describe the function of this membrane.

To start off with, eukaryotic and prokaryotic are types of cells. Though that is an obvious similarity, they are both the smallest structure that carry out functions in organisms. In each of these

You may use the lab manual, pre-lab lectures, and credible internet resources, however you may not use your cell bio lab classmates as a resource. You will most likely see this material again on the Final and I highly encourage you to work individually and seek help from myself or your TA. Plagiarism will result in an automatic zero.

Draw a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell and list 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Be creative in drawing, but be detailed! (1.5 point)

Well prokaryote is the name given to organisms that are made up from cells that lack a cell nucleus or cells that lack any membrane-encased organelles (a specialized subunit within a cell). In lamens terms, in prokaryotes, the DNA is not bound or held together inside a nucleus. Prokaryotes also only have a single loop DNA. Last but not least prokaryotes are divided into groups or domains but more about that in a minute.

5. Both prokaryotic cell division and eukaryotic cell division replicate their DNA and use the process of cytokinesis.

When it comes to Biology there are two important types of cells. One type would be Eukaryotic cells and the second type would be bacterial cells. All cells have four common cell structures, for example, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Eukaryotic and bacterial cells have five distinct structures with their unique functions. Eukaryotic cells are relatively larger than bacterial cells. Therefor, Eukaryotic cells have structures that have different functions compared to bacteria. Flagella, cell wall, plasma membrane, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and cytoplasm are structures that are common on both cell types but have a different function and location due to the size of the cells.

“Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria” - (AQA 2008)

Now that we understand the properties of life and the composition of cells, we can focus on the architecture or formation in terms of basic anatomy and physiology as our second area of exploration. The two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) defined before have a few common things such as Plasma membrane (similar to animal cells); Cell wall (similar to plant cells); and Ribosomes, the

Prepared 3 beakers with contents listed below. ( a. Beaker 1: glucose only b. Beaker 2: Starch only c. Beaker 3: Starch + amylase). Poured contents of each beaker into its respective fermentation tube, ensuring the tail portion of the tube was filled with liquid. Placed tubes in an incubator at 37 degrees, measuring distance between tip of tube tail to fluid level at 20, 40, and 60 minute intervals. Calculated gas volume using this distance along with radius of tube tail.

Prokaryotes are some of the smallest of all organisms. Due to its size, prokaryotes can get nutrients quickly throughout the cell. Bacteria come in three shapes: rods, spirals or spheres. Some bacteria are coccobacilli. These are short rods shaped between a cocci and bacilli.

Prokaryote cells - bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitive life on earth.