preview

Cell Physiology Study Guide

Decent Essays
Open Document

1 Study Guide for Lectures 8/24, 8/26, 8/31, and 9/2 Note: It is highly suggested that you reference the figures/figure legends shown in class to further help you understand class material. The Genome Project (~92% complete): • 20,000-28,000 genes in the human genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs?  80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell.  200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found:  In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail.  43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail.  36.9% of …show more content…

There are 20 amino acids. Most of the time you use an L-enantiomer of the amino acid, however, you can have D-enantiomer forms.  D-forms are often found in antimicrobial compounds and ionophores. The diverse roles of amino acids: 1. Hormones (signaling type molecules)  Dopamine, thyroid type hormones 2. Metabolic Intermediates  Catabolic amino acids  Citrulline: key intermediate in the urea acid cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia.  Ornithine: in urea acid cycle, precursor to arginine, disposal of nitrogen. 3. Osmotic effects (Osmolytes- organic compounds affecting osmosis, soluble in solution within a cell, play a role in maintaining cell volume and fluid balance.)  Ex: Antarctic fish utilize stores of amino acids to offset preservations of different ions. 4. Buffering Capacity  Zwitterion (means twin in German): A zwitterion is a chemical compound that is electrically neutral but carries formal positive and negative charges on different atoms. Zwitterions are polar and usually have a high solubility in water and a poor solubility in most organic solvents. o Often times the R group is charged.  Ex: Histidine (essential amino acid) the R group has a charge, pKa at pH 7.4. Modest change in pH results in change in charge; many proteins have a Histidine residue sitting in the active site. Changes ability to interact with substrate, which causes a profound change in kinetics. 6 The families of amino

Get Access
Related
Get Access