Challenges for Urban Local Governments in India

1. “The particular cultures and societies of Africa and of the Americas discussed in this chapter

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For too long this area has taken a back seat to the larger cities around us. We need to join the rest of the progressive regions in this state and establish a new, more efficient form of government. Pulaski County and the cities of Somerset, Science Hill, Ferguson, and Burnside need to merge together and create an urban county government. This will help to consolidate duplicate services, provide better representation for the citizens of Pulaski County, and strengthen the economy in this region.

There are some characteristics on which the system of local government is based which are as follows:

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First, India has been identified by the World Bank as a country that will “lead the world’s urban population surge in the next 40 years.” According to India’s census, Urbanization rates have increased from 11% in 1901 to well over 30% in 2011. While urbanization is commonly conflated with a growing economy and a move from blue-collar to white-collar jobs, Deborah Oxley showed in her paper The seat of death and terror: urbanization, stunting

This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study.

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The literature review is an overview of previous research and writings on the topic is under study (Ogier, 2002). It is also judgement about the importance, relevance and validity literature. Literature sources is primary sources as a description of a study that was written by the original researchers. There are 25 articles reviewed by the authors. A wide range of relevant journals are used in this article and also included research journals. A journals are more scholarly than the popular press. However, the article is published in 2003 and is not current literature and sources used are mostly form early 90’s. Treece and Treece recommend that current literature and references should be classics. The authors identified the research problems early in the paper but the aims and objective should have been stated more clearly. A statement has to be

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argued that the PRI are unable to function to their potential due to fiscal and administrative autonomy is minimum under PRI. Prior to the 73rd amendment, there have been attempts at decentralization in India but have vastly failed in various states due to the vested interests of the bureaucracy and state politicians. These vested interests of the powerful in state still pose a threat to the decentralized setup because it establishes dominance of the powerful in state bureaucracy and leads to incidences of corruption as currently witnessed in India.

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From this Chapter, I understand the classification of municipal government from small to big at different scale and also what do the local governments do. The main role is the democratic and service provision. when studying the relationship between these two aspects, some questions are also proposed: is that only when you have property, can you really participate in the vote or democracy? Does the local government responsible to the province about the finances? Or should it responsible to its people? Political part should not be taken away from the responsibility of a local government otherwise it will be no difference with a private supplier.

While researching on the topic of urbanization in India, I came across a plethora of scholarly articles that suggested issues with India’s limiting urbanization policies that jeopardize its potential for growth and employment. If India’s physical expansion is left unattended, this will deplete its available resources, and lead to economic, social, and environmental challenges (Hardoy, Diana, & Satterthwaite, 2001). Although India’s physical expansion has already led to many such challenges, the optimism of economic development in its cities, and the hope for welfare, persists in many economists. If “handled well, India can reap significant benefits from urbanization. MGI offers a range of recommendations, the vast majority of which India could implement within five to ten years. If India were to follow the recommendations, it could add 1 to 1.5 percent to annual GDP growth, bringing the economy near to the double-digit growth to which the government aspires” (Sankhe). It is key to understand that urbanization in India is inevitable, and investments in infrastructure can lead to its economic development, and increase the welfare of people residing in and moving to urban areas.