Claritian Research Paper

anonymously written play, Everyman. This play, written in the 15th century, is used as a spiritual

Long before America received a name, there existed a dream of a good land that man might discover for himself, a land full of material riches and spiritual hope. The prospect stirred man’s vivid imaginations as well as their explorations, and they were willing to sacrifice for their visions and ideals. The earliest of American writings were solely concerned with the dream of a new world and the sacrifices necessary for the first attempts at its realization.

Large pharmaceutical companies spend millions of dollars and many years developing new and innovative medications. To protect their investment of time and money, they apply and are granted patents from the government, which gives the scientist and pharmaceutical companies a protected period of time that they can be assured that others will be prevented from selling their invention (Williams & Torrens, 2008). This protected period of time gives these companies a period of time that they can sell their new product at

Inclusive education means that all students in a school, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses in any area, become part of the school community. They are included in the feeling of belonging among other students, teachers, and support staff. The educational practice known as, full inclusion may have negative effects on the self-esteem of a special needs child. In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, also known as Public Law94-142. Before this law came into effect many children with disabilities were routinely excluded from public schools.

According to World Intellectual Property Organisation, patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. The invention potentially owned an economical value, and the patent granted was limited to twenty years to make, use and sell the patented invention. As a pay back, the owner of the patent must publish the technical information about the invention to the public.

But one of the problems with patents is that quite often patent laws can stifle, rather than promote, innovation. Ideally patent law is supposed to encourage innovation by enabling inventors to profit off of unique intellectual output. But in today's hypercompetitive climate, large corporations such as Apple are using patent litigation to gain an edge over competitors, and some instances to extend a virtual monopoly over the market. "By one estimate, as many as 250,000 patents can be used to claim ownership of some technical or design element in a smartphone"¦The disputes are fueled, legal experts say, by companies rushing to apply for patents as

For hundreds of years inventors have been able to obtain monopolies through patents for their innovations. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by the government to an inventor for their privately owned innovation with an expiration of 20 years. This gives the patentee the right to legally withhold other human resources from the production, consumption, distribution and vending of their invention. In order to receive a patent, its application must include claims which define the invention as innovative, original and useful or otherwise applicable to industry. Patents were initiated for many reasons including providing property rights for accomplishments of people along with preventing market failure to occur through free riding.

The very utterance of the word patent frightens us with the sheer complexity and wordplay it can subsume us with. Here is an attempt to demystify patents and the world of legal wrangling. As the lexicon definition goes, it is “the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, or sell an invention for a certain number of years”. However, over the years, as patents and workarounds have evolved, companies have gone out of their ways to exercise monopoly over innovation and prevent competition from innovating in a related area of research and development.

Trying to delay this patent expiration is the most common method of keeping generics off the street. Every single hour that a generic is kept off of the shelves, it only means more sale of the original pharmaceutical. Even if the patent lawsuit has no merit, the delay due to legal filings and court tie-ups can buy valuable time for the original patent holder. Below you will find several examples of brand name pharmaceuticals that have enjoyed a longer monopolistic life due to some innovative, yet highly controversial techniques:

On the other hand, some of the pharmaceutical companies continuously tweaking the drug slightly to extend the life of the patent. Besides that, during the period patent protection, developing countries are prevented from importing or producing cheaper medicines, it

The basic reason that companies patent a new drug is to guarantee the exclusive legal rights to profit from its innovation for a certain number of years, typically 20 years for a product patent (Celly, 2004). Both patents guaranteed

A patent is the grant from the government for the limited span of time for making, selling and marketing the product for which a patent is granted. Patent Act1970, rules, 1972, and amendments act 2005 protects the product of the creative mind. This is a grant for 20 years. This act ensures that drug should be available at reasonable price to the consumers. There is also some provision to meet the public health emergency. Revocation of patent for the public interest is also on the security side.

On one hand the Pharma companies demanded that the patent rules and regulations be laid out in a format which circularly protects their products from major duplication, in turn saving their investment capital in the R&D going to waste. On the other hand the patent regulations has to out their act together in such a way that they adhered to the wants of the Pharma companies on one side and also seeing that the monopoly situation of one particular Pharma company does not go out of hand resulting in unjustifiable high product pricing and its scarce availability in the market. In short, they had to perform a balancing act between these two issues in the best possible way. Growth in the pharmaceutical industry is directly proportional to the anti competitive practices carried out in that industry. To prevent the same, stringent IP laws as well as competition laws need to be

With new innovations and products coming out every day patents become very important, especially in the pharmaceutical department. A patent is a grant by the government permitting the inventor exclusive use of an invention for 20 years. During this period, no one could make use, or even sell the invention without authority. With the India’s patent laws covering a manufacturing method rather than the finished product, this causes problems. A patent provides incentive for pharmaceutical companies to continue to create new and better drugs for, but this may cause conflict with the intellectual property issue.

Few know the impact that patents have on the pharmaceutical industry development. The evolution of this industry is closely linked with the evolution of patent system (Salazar, nd.). Lehman (2003) explains in a simple way the definition of patents. According to him, patent is the property right that the creator has over his creation, if it is new, useful and not obvious. The reason for the existence of this protection is to safeguard products from being copied without compensation for the author or inventor. Since the adoption of intellectual property law in the realm of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the process of innovation of treatments and creation of drugs have been galvanised (ibid.). However, if on the one hand it brings