Classical Conditioning and Ice Cream Truck

In classical conditioning, there are four critical elements: the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, and the conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that causes a response before any conditioning, and an unconditioned response (UR) is the way something reacts to an unconditioned stimulus (text, p. 256). In my example, the US would be bad bacteria, and it resulted in the UR of nausea. A conditioned stimulus (CS) involves a neutral stimulus (NS), something that didn’t originally cause a reaction, becoming something that causes a conditioned response after a connection is made to the US (text, p. 256). In my example, the

It was Garcia and Koelling (1966) who studied the level of conditioning in rats using two conditioned stimulus (CS), an audiovisual stimulus and a salty flavor added to drinking water. The two unconditioned stimulus (UCS), a mild foot-shock and a nausea-producing drug. In the conditioning

Then, later, the unconditioned stimulus can be withdrawn and the neutral stimulus evolves to become the conditioned stimulus. Now the conditioned stimulus or learned stimulus evokes a conditioned response, or learned response. Given the example, the conditioned response is salivation. When it hears the bell, the dog salivates because the dog was conditioned to associate the hot dog with the sound of the bell.

unconditioned stimulus would be smoking effects on brain & lungs An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning; food was the US in Pavlov's experiments. undconditioned response would be the reactions to smoking. An unconditioned response (UR) is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the US. Unconditioned responses are involuntary; they happen in response to a stimulus without conscious effort. In Pavlov's experiment, salivating in response to food was the UR.In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned response

Another treatment method are behavioral therapies. This is about changing all of patient X’s personal habits that lead him up to this point. This is about getting away from depending on alcohol to get away from his problems and facing

However, once nicotine dependence is established, cues related to nicotine release become greatly influential in controlling self-administration behaviors. When a cigarette is smoked, about 80 percent of the inhaled nicotine is absorbed in the lungs. The American Lung Association reports that teens who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime find it hard to quit, even if they want to do so. Some teens will be addicted to smoking more quickly, and they experience cravings for nicotine quite soon after initiating cigarette use. Teens can also become addicted to the process of smoking, finding it difficult to even think about going through the day without the ability to unwrap a pack of cigarettes, flick open a lighter or hear the paper of the cigarette crackle with flame. Withdrawal symptoms like this can make it difficult, if not impossible, for teens to quit smoking on their own. They may simply feel as though they need cigarettes in order to feel happy and normal, and they may be unable to find a way to stop smoking without help.( David R. Francis “Dramatic Rise in Teenage Smoking,” 27 July 2010, National Bureau of Economic Research, Massachusetts.

The only experience I have had is that my dad was always stressed so he became a heavy smoker. When the TV commercials came, which showed what smoking could do to you, he started asking himself how he could quit. I know it was not easy, but as mention in health belief theory, cues to action, he had to call the “stop smoking hotline” everyday (it is a free line in Norway), since no other in our family smokes, he also needed to have a goal and start quitting one cigarette of a time.

Classic Conditioning, defined by Richard A. Griggs, is learning that one stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus. (141) A stimulus is a phenomenon perceived by the senses. When an initial stimulus is presented within a setting, the response to stimulus is referred to as a reflex. A reflex is a natural and automatic response to the initial stimulus without conscious thinking involved. The first encounter of a given stimulus is referred to as an unconditioned stimulus and the reflexive response is the unconditioned response. However, if the initial stimulus is repetitive, it will become a learned pattern referred to as a conditioned stimulus. When the conditioned stimulus is presented then the reflexive response becomes a learned habit, the conditioned response, as a result of constant repetition of the cyclical phenomenon. (142-143)

Classical conditioning has been around for some time in psychology. Now we are able to relate classical conditioning to nursing practice and education. Classical conditioning can be defined as a learning process when two stimuli are being paired together over and over. Nausea and vomiting are common in patients experiencing chemotherapy treatment. Patients with cancer are typically exposed to a very specific environment in the hospital. This setting would be the conditioned stimulus. The exposure to the hospital happens before the patient receives chemotherapy, which has nausea and vomiting as side effects. This would be the unconditioned stimulus. A patient being exposed over and over to the

Interestingly, a conditioned stimulus starts out as a neutral stimulus, but once it is associated with an unconditional stimulus it develops a conditioned response. An unconditioned response is a naturally occurring response that is unlearned and involuntary such as a reflex. An example of this is drooling to the sight and smell of a freshly grilled hamburger. A conditioned response is a response to a conditioned stimulus and is not natural, therefore it must be learned.

Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to feel

The client’s addiction was caused by operant conditioning because addiction is learned behavior. Smoking cigarettes was enjoyable; therefore, the behavior is rewarded by that feeling and the behavior continues. To treat the addiction with operant conditioning you need to reinforce not smoking with a positive reward. As the therapist you could suggest to your client that when they do not smoke, they should reward themselves with their favorite snack. On the other hand, when they do smoke they should deny themselves the treat. To allow your client the greatest opportunity for success you should also suggest that they should make a clear, daily or weekly plan with the rewards they will receive for following through with not smoking. This works by replacing the good feelings that follow smoking with good feelings that are rewarded for not

This is called the unconditioned stimulus because it is a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response. The conditioned response in this situation would be the child becoming hungry after smelling the food that is the conditioned response.

According to “How Can I Quit Smoking?,” if one has the urge to smoke a cigarette after they have quit, the first two to five minutes will be the hardest. If one does smoke after quitting, two listed tips that can help with staying dedicated to being a nonsmoker are one, to not blame or punish themselves, but to still tell their selves that they are a nonsmoker, and two, to make a nonsmoker contract and sign

Although, both are a form of behavior modification they in fact have a few differences. Specifically, classical conditioning has two type of responses unconditioned response and a conditioned response. Furthermore, unconditioned response is a behavior that we may not be aware of but is a result of a previous action and conditioned response is a modified behavior that an individual may be aware of due to someone else action.