Cognitive Behavior Summary

“Bipolar disorder, also commonly known as manic depression, is defined as a serious mental illness in which common emotions become intensely and often unpredictably magnified. Individuals with bipolar disorder can quickly alternate from extremes of happiness, energy and clarity to sadness, fatigue and confusion. All people with bipolar disorder have manic episodes abnormally elevated or irritable moods that last at least a week and impair functioning. But not all become depressed ” (American Psychological Association, 2015). Bipolar disorder can vary in each individual. The symptoms fluctuate in pattern, severity and rate of recurrence. Some people are more susceptible to either mania or depression, while others change proportionately between the two types of episodes. Some have frequent mood disruptions, while others live through a few throughout their lifetime.

(Müller-Oerlinghausen, Berghöfer & Bauer, 2002). More importantly, It should be noted that controversy has arisen over the exact reasons individuals suffer from bipolar disorder, where it still remains somewhat unclear (Leahy, 2007). Although ambiguous, researchers have established that bipolar disorder results from a multifaceted interaction of genetic and environmental factors (Demjaha, MacCabe & Murray, 2011) in sum, several things are said to be correlated with origin and maintenance of Bipolar disorder. This literature review will examine the biopsychosocial model approach. Examining biological, environmental and psychological under pinning’s in the diagnoses and classification of mental illness.

My theoretical approach of choice is Cognitive- Behavioral Theories. Cognitive – Behavioral therapy is based on the idea that cognitions mediate (lead to) behavioral change (Powers and Kalodner, 2016). This theory resonates with me because I have always been interested in why people behave the way that they do. I believe it to be interesting, to see the way in which thoughts affect behavior. I chose the video cognitive –behavioral therapy with John Krumboltz because I wanted to see how this theory was applied to a pressing issue.

There are similarities in between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Both disorders are similar in many ways. One of the main similarities is that they are severe mental disorders and incurable [1]. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder cause uncommon change in the capacity to fulfill daily tasks [1]. Both disorders are similar in most of their symptoms such as disordered speech, hallucinations, and delusions [2]. These similar symptoms make it difficult to determine whether a person is a bipolar or a schizophrenic [2]. Another similarity is that they both share the same factors that cause these disorders [1]. The main cause of bipolar disorder is the genetic factor, similarly to schizophrenia [1]. A person who has an infected family member has

Most studies of bipolar disorder show that this illness tends to be familial with significantly higher risk in relatives of bipolar probands compared to the general population. Research suggest that imbalances of neurotransmitters norepinephriine and serotonin may cause depression and mania. The left frontal-lobe that is active during positive emotions is inactive during depressive episodes. There is a small area in the prefrontal cortex that triggers bother the sadness and the mania of bipolar depression (Huffman & Piggrem, 2003).

There are many concerns when it comes to the mental health of individuals throughout the world. Mental health problems can manifest in a variety of different ways and range in severity from attention deficits to hallucinations. One of the most severe forms of disorders that can affect an individual is bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that presents a wide variety of different symptoms that affect the ability of an individual to live a complete and satisfied life. By examining the overall prevalence of the ailment, its symptoms, and the forms of treatments available, a more complete understanding of bipolar disease can emerge.

Many have confused schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with dissociative identity disorder. Bipolar disorder also known as manic-depression is a fairly common disorder when compared to schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. It is also well-understood and treated by a combination of medications and psychotherapy.It is characterized by alternating moods of mania and depression. These usually last weeks or even months depending on the person. People who are manic have a high energy level and often irrational beliefs. After a manic mood, the person will often “crash” into a depressive mood characterized by sadness and lethargy. It is found in both men and women equally and cause significant sleeping problems in both the manic mood and depressive mood. This disorder can pose a great challenge to treat due to the medications that are prescribed causing the patient to feel “zombie like”or “emotionless”. They tend to wean off of their medication and are able to cope well with their mood swings in society. Bipolar disorder can be diagnosed throughout the person 's life. Schizophrenia is less common than bipolar disorder but more common than dissociative identity disorder. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women and is diagnosed mostly in the person’s late teens to early 20s. Schizophrenia is categorized by having both hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are defined by an experience involving the apparent perception perception of something

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and mania. Episodes of mania are characterized by a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood and increased goal-oriented activity lasting at least one week. Diagnostic criteria for BD have shown two subsets of BD (BD I and BD II), which are differentiated by the severity of the manic episodes. BD I is characterized by traditional manic episodes while BD II is characterized by hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than manic episodes, experienced in BD I. Major depressive episodes are characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and anhedonia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In the United States, BD has a lifetime and 12-month prevalence of approximately 5% (Merikangas et al., 2007) and has been ranked in the top six most debilitating illnesses in the world (Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2009). BD is likely to result from interactions between genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors that cause a widespread dysfunction across a wide range of neurobiological systems with current theories suggesting that BD can be conceptualized as a disorder of neuroplasticity (Machado-Vieira et al., 2014).

Clinical diagnoses of Bipolar disorder, (BP) and schizophrenia (SCH) symptoms that are related to mental illness have increased dramatically within the last several years, and treatment is becoming more specialized. But, unless you study these disorders, or have some degree in psychology, the basis of your knowledge of these disorders comes from media, movies and newspapers. Mass media is the public’s primary source for information so when they decide to present breaking news about some criminal felon who reportedly suffers from mental disorders such as

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder, characterized by recurrent manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes, (Miller, 2006). It has been know to interfere with cognition and behavior, which ultimately severely

Clinical diagnoses of Bipolar disorder, (BP) and schizophrenia (SCH) symptoms that are related to mental illness have increased dramatically within the last several years, and treatment is becoming more specialized. But, unless you study these disorders, or have some degree in psychology, the basis of your knowledge of these disorders comes from media, movies and newspapers. Mass media is the public’s primary source for information so when they decide to present breaking news about some criminal felon who reportedly suffers from mental disorders such as bi-polar or schizophrenia, that is now the population’s idea of the mental disorder. Ultimately misleading the population’s perception due to one story about a single person. .

Bipolar Disorder is a life-impacting condition that is often chronic, creates significant impairment, and is marked by a cycling between depressive and manic episodes. These episodes are manifested by unusual and extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and behaviors that interfere with executive functioning (Wilkinson, Taylor, & Holt, 2002). Divided into two levels of diagnosis; Bipolar I Disorder is defined by the occurrence of a manic episode that may or may not be accompanied by hypomanic or major depressive episodes (American Psychological Association, 2013). Furthermore, a diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder is comprised by a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode (American Psychological Association, 2013).

In addition, counselors benefit from this type of study by closely monitoring the phases of research concerning pharmacological issues, new therapy strategies and the onset of BD in young children, adolescents, adults and senior citizens; in other words, how does bipolar disorder affect an individual throughout the life span? How does early diagnosis and subsequent treatments for ameliorating symptoms of BD including dementia, affect an individual?

The Cognitive behavioral theory (CBT) is a theory that focuses primarily on cognition and behaviors that are present. CBT indicates that maladaptive behaviors and/or cognitions are learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and modeling. Coady and Lehman (2016) indicated that many of the cognitive behavioral therapies were developed due to many problems such as depression, panic attacks, phobia, insomnia, and more (pg. 46).

In the above scenario Sally wishes to understand how to create cookies out of play dough after witnessing her friend perform the task. The educator then instructs Sally in a step-by-step process to show her how to make the cookies which Sally then copies, thereby performing the task herself. This scenario contains key ideas from Lev Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory of cognitive development, namely: social skills being important for learning, and how the assistance of competent individuals promotes learning growth through the zone of proximal development (ZPD). However, an issue also appears in the scenario which raises a question in relation to learning development. The issue is that Sally did not first attempt to perform the task herself after