Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )

According to the WHO, cardiovascular diseases have been the leading cause of death globally claiming 17 million lives a year, more deaths than all cancer combined (Chiu and Radisic, 2013). Cardiovascular disease is responsible for a preponderance of health problems and its impact is expected to grow further as the population ages. In the UK, NHS spends about £7.74 billion as the expenditure to deal with cardiovascular diseases (Barton et al., 2011). Cardiovascular disease in the form of myocardial infarction has become the principle cause of death in developed countries, accounting for nearly 40% of all deaths (http://www.bhf.org.uk/). Congenital heart defects, which occur in nearly 14 of every 1000 new-born children, is another tragic fact that baffles medical industry (http://www.heart.org/). About 61 million Americans (almost one-fourth of the population) live with cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, congenital cardiovascular defects, and congestive heart failure.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease, is the leading cause of mortality in both men and women in the United States today. It has been reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that CAD accounted for nearly 616,000 deaths in 2011 and was responsible for 1 in 4 deaths in the U.S. in the same year. 1 Coronary artery disease is a progressive disease where the major arterial vessels supplying the heart become occluded and sclerotic due to the buildup of plaque in the inner walls of the artery through a process called atherosclerosis. 2 CAD eventually leads to heart failure and a myocardial infarction (MI).

The relationship between coronary supply and myocardial demand is a very sensitive and an imbalance between them can cause a major concern in the body. If the coronary supply is less than the myocardial demand, the heart can suffer a severe spasm. The spasm cuts off the blood flow through the artery causing the heart to fail (Ischemic Heart Disease, n.d.). In contrast, if the myocardial demand exceeds the coronary supply, the heart fails once again. This is due to impaired cardiac pumping the heart experiences, an oxygen deficit of over 20 minutes causes the heart to essentially fail (Myocardial infarction) and a deficit of oxygen under 20 minutes leads to

Ischemic Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease is a condition in which there is an imbalance in the oxygen demand and supply to the myocardial. An underlining cause of this is atherosclerosis, a process in which there has been a gradual build -up of fatty metabolic waste deposits (plaque) on the inside walls of the coronary arteries the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The coronary arteries eventually become mostly or completely blocked causing angina and can ultimately lead to a myocardial infarction due to the heart muscle not receiving adequate blood supply to function properly.

Myocardium Infraction – MI is a very serious combination of family heritage and human behavior such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and various factors which overtime damages the heart muscle and obviously its functions. MI or heart attack is worsening disease process. The narrowing of the coronary artery due to atherosclerosis, as well as plaque build-up of cholesterol which hardened the arteries or blood clots severely block and significantly reduced or stopped blood flow and oxygenation which become lethal ischemia and reperfusion. Consequently, MI is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States which every forty-three seconds, someone has a heart attack. Every year 735,000 Americans have a heart attack, which 525,000 are a first time, 210,000 are recurring, and one of five heart attacks is silent. The overall costing are between $192.1 billion and 321.6 billion

It is the condition when the arteries are not able to deliver enough oxygenated blood to the heart because of the blockade or the interruption of the arteries’ walls by fatty material that have been build up over the years.

Despite advancements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and creates an immense economic burden (Mendis et al., 2011). Of all CVD deaths, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stoke account for more than 80% of deaths (Mendis et al., 2011) with atherosclerosis as a key mechanism of disease (Libby, 2006). There are many known risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis such as age, gender, smoking, unhealthy diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Many of such risk factors have a modifiable component and if corrected early can significantly reduce the risk of CVD progression and cardiac death (Bridget et al., 2010; Finks et al., 2012; Yusuf et al., 2004). Furthermore, it has been estimated that 90% of CVD can be prevented by early lifestyle interventions (McGill et al., 2008) highlighting the importance of early detection and appropriate lifestyle changes.

Houston Community College Coleman Heart Disease Paper Julissa Diaz Ms. Williams ECRD 1211 Spring 2017

The common underlying pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome is associated by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery, resulting in the development of a thrombus. (AstraZeneca Australia, 2014). When plaques erode or rupture, the resulting thrombus restricts the flow of blood to the heart muscle. A prolonged lack of blood supply results in necrosis of heart muscle tissue and infarcted tissue remains permanently dysfunctional ("Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): Coronary Artery Disease: Merck Manual Professional," 2014). Mr Pham’s electrocardiogram shows that he has anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (anterior STEMI) Anterior Infarcts, which Mr Pham has suffered, tend to be larger, so it conveys a far worse diagnosis for the patient (Lome, 2014). It has been proven that outcomes from anterior and inferior infarctions carried a

Diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system can present itself in many ways. Often these diseases circulate through the body creating a vehicle for pathogens to spread. We will look at four different diseases that affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic system.

According to Teague, author of the textbook Your Health Today, “An estimated 16.3 million Americans are living with CHD [and] those who survive a heart attack are often left with damaged hearts and significantly altered lives” (316). Clearly, coronary heart disease affects numerous families and individuals and it is a worldwide disease. So, what causes coronary heart disease? As a coronary artery becomes blocked with plaque, a condition called ischemia is developed. Ischemia condition refers to the lack of oxygen supply and nutrients in the heart muscle due to a narrowed or blocked artery. However, if the artery is completely blocked, an individual has a myocardial infarction; which is the insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle, in simpler terms, a heart attack. The blockage and narrowing of an artery may be the result of plaque that has broken loose or a formation of a blood clot, which can cause coronary thrombosis, which may cause sudden death. Ultimately, a heart attack occurs when during a lack of oxygen blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced or cut off due to the blockage of arteries with

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most common disease in the United States with high mortality rate. There reported cases of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infraction or instances that have led to the death of patients caused by sudden CHD summing to a million each year. The most common symptom that is associated with CHD is angina. The estimated number of middle-aged men suffering from Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is between 1 to 2 million thus increasing their risk of them suffering from CHD (Thaulow et al., 1993). CAD is greatly influenced by the lifestyle of individual patient. To minimize the risk involved change in lifestyle is crucial, aspirin intake and cholesterol management. Studies show that these factors when controlled properly lowers cardiac events drastically. Lowering the risk attached, it is important to detect subclinical atherosclerosis early so that proper measure can be put in place to prevent the disease from progressing and acute myocardial infraction.

Coronary Heart Disease initially is an area of athermanous plaque formation due to lipid accumulation under the lining of the coronary artery. The lipid infiltrate which is a foreign substance, prompts white blood cells (macrophages) to engulf the lipids generating a foam cell discharge thereof smooth muscle penetrate and enlarge the area. It is until plaque obstructs more that 50% of the diameter of the coronary artery lumen, that the flow of blood is decreased. However when the subject heart requires more oxygen example during

In most countries, Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the treatment of acute and/or chronic coronary syndrome, additional therapies are still needed to reduce the high rates of recurrent CV events. Since 19th centaury it was suspected that the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves process of inflammation, which has become recognized as a contributory factor in the development of ASCVD and other diverse chronic diseases. Based on the results from more than 60 prospective cohort studies, a variety of inflammatory biomarkers, like C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),

This first century of the third millennium has witnessed major switch in the framework of disease despite noticeable improvement of life expectancy; this period was distinguished by intense changes in diet and lifestyle which in turn have contributed to an outbreak of non-communicable diseases. Currently, public health services of developing countries are overstretched by growing demands to subsist with non-communicable disease (NCDs). Cardiovascular diseases are the main benefactor of worldwide burden of disease among the NCDs. Mainly, with advancing age, detrimental changes are followed by reduction of physiological activity with the increase of chances of disease and death. Among them, one of the most debilitating phenomena is a loss of