Criminology

During the end of the eighteenth century individuals such as the public believed that the forms of policing were either corrupt or incompetent and it was clear that the police needed rational, professional and a more modern organisation (Newburn 2008). After hearing on these concerns made by the public the police struggled around creating a new form of policing until 1829 where the Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act created a new model of policing. Within the nineteenth century the public’s rejection of the police started to take a turn to the better as the police began to market themselves in a way which saw the success of their image selling to the public, however it only seemed this was possible because of the changes of economic and social change.

5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.

In 1829, the British Parliament passed the London Metropolitan Police Act, adding a new arm to the British Government. It created a full time, uniformed police force in the city of London. This police forces primary job was the prevention of crime and social disorder. With the population expanding rapidly in London there was an increase in social disorder, crime, riots, and public health issues. This force was seen by Britain’s Home Secretary, Robert Peel as a necessity as the current system of constables was not able to handle the problem. In creating this organization, Peel established nine principles to guide the new police officers so they had a clear understanding of their role in society. If policing in America had followed Peel’s nine principles of policing, it could have possibly avoided multiple eras of reform and not be facing much of the criticism we see today.

Relationship between Law Enforcement agencies and communities should be based on reciprocity. What that means is that communities should be able to rely on police to serve and to protect them, while the police should be able to rely on communities’ support and cooperation. The positive equilibrium can be achieved only when a clear and fair dialogue exists between the two parties. Unfortunately, this relationship is not always this harmonious one and this is, in fact, the problem that we are currently experiencing.

Many individuals remain deeply divided on the issue of whether policemen patrolling is effective, just as many other sorts of crimes have been emerged recently, which are not being committed on the streets. As far as I am concerned, this tactic is out of vogue and other effective methods should be applied to prevent crimes. I will assess them as follows.

The 1st article postulates the duty of the police to speak out and gives examples of areas where speaking out is most necessary. The policeman of today can truly claim the status of a professional. At no time in the history has the public received better police service, man for man and department for department. Crime is, without doubt, number one domestic problem, and public demand for protection against society 's lawless elements has reached a peak. At the same time, laws and court decisions which prevent the police from affording this protection confront law enforcement on every side (Carrington, 1970).

[and] ..“the preservation of public tranquillity” This type of policing was considered essential to protect law-abiding citizens from the disorderly underclass such the poor, beggars, drunks and the homeless predominantly in urban areas. It was also felt that it would also provide the opportunity to detect crime if certain areas were targeted. As the police service was rolled out across other metropolitan areas, similar styles of policing were introduced although not with out some contention. The prioritisation of crime prevention and maintenance of order, was contested, particularly after a moral panic in 1862 when MP Hugh Pilkington was robbed (Muncie and McLaughlin 2002, the problem of crime p.145) this raised many concerns about the police in that their main style of policing was not deemed to be effective.

Police officers are public officials who fulfill a vital role of a) protecting life and property, b) detecting, preventing, and investigating crime, c) identifying and apprehending criminals, d) regulating public conduct, e) detecting conditions that affect public welfare, and f) performing miscellaneous public services (Indiana State Police, n.d.). In order to keep up with modern crime levels, police departments must utilize all available resources at their disposal, like private security companies do. The number of private security companies has grown in recent years and security officers now outnumber the police by at least 300% (Joh, 2004). This indicates that community members perceive the police as either unable or unwilling to adequately protect them. Indeed, police departments often receive criticisms of citizens, prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, politicians, and the media for their inadequacies (Wootson, 2011). One resource that police departments can utilize to help maintain public order is volunteer officers.

There are many different types of policing; proactive policing, reactive policing, community policing, Neighbourhood policing, intelligence-led policing and zero-tolerance policing. In this essay, the two main models of policing that are going to be compared and contrasted are proactive and reactive. In spite of this, all the other models of policing are going to be discussed and how proactive and reactive policing has led to more types forming. However, the question is-what is policing? What are there aims? How did the idea come about? Well; ‘Policing is aimed at securing social order, but its effectiveness is always debatable. Policing does not encompass all activities directed at achieving social order. What is specific to policing is the creation of a system of surveillance coupled with the threat of sanctions for discovered deviance–either immediately or by initiating penal processes.’ Reiner, (2010:5). Reiner has discussed that the whole idea of policing was to regulate behaviours within society. This shows that the term ‘policing’ can be defined in two different ways. Formal: a government force which is used to uphold social order and regulate behaviours within society e.g. the police. Another is informal: a force that is not controlled by the government but is by society, or certain groups e.g. Headmaster, School teacher, Community leader, head of the family... Metropolitan police (1829) were the first ‘formal’ police ever created in Britain and was run by Home

In a society which has become increasingly more complex, the role of Police forces tends to be versatile. Accordingly, lately, researchers gave a special attention to subjects regarding Police, and implicitly to the public image of the institution.

In order to have a functional police department, the public and our department need to work hand in hand with one another. In order to succeed we need one another. We rely on the public to help us. If we do not have a good standing with the residence, we cannot do our job. We need the public’s support to get things done. The public and the public sector are a team. Without the support of these groups, we can no longer flourish.

Having in mind Bittner’s (1970) definition of the police, which defines the police in terms of their capacity to use non-negotiable coercive force in any situation that appears to require the prompt and decisive response, the policing is carried out by several other organisations (constabulary forces), including military (Whetstone, Walsh, Kelling, Parker Banton, & Brodeur, 2016).

In 2010 the newly elected Coalition Government brought with it a dramatic and wide-ranging financial restrictions which affected all areas of the public sector. One area which criminology and police knowledge is interested in are those that have effected the Home Office and therefore the police service. The restrictions have had a far reaching effect to many areas of the police service, which will be highlighted at the beginning of the essay, however it will be concentrating on the specific aspect of the fearful reductions in PCSOs and neighbourhood policing and how that will effect 21st century policing. The essay will start by giving a brief summary of the cuts which have occurred since 2010. This will naturally lead onto a brief summary of the job of a PCSO and how they link in with Neighbourhood Policing, whilst assessing the benefits of them. It will then flow onto the possible effects which could happen to not only the police force but also to the public if the financial restrictions continue to occur.

The relationship between private and public police could be maintained and improved if all those involved would work together as a team as opposed to working against each other. These organizations should take lessons from the states that contract with private police to work together in prevention of crime. The two need to have mutual respect for the job the other does.

In many countries the efforts to obtain a more in-depth understanding about the police agencies, its members and its routine work was triggered only in the 1990 (Cordner, 2014).Unlike in United States, where police reforms were proposed at the same time to research on issues related to public security encompassing the detailed analysis of the aspects of police work. It was thought that the subject would begin to be studied significantly after the initiatives of change. The reformulation of ideas, philosophy and organization of police strategies in other countries, through the