Cybercrime : A Threat E Private?

The most recents detections of how cyber warfare is inevitably coming was the accusations of Russia hacking the the Democratic National Committee and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s email’s releasing damaging evidence against them which ultimately lead to Donald Trump being named the President of The United States (Diamond, 2016). The effects of cyber warfare have leaked over in to televise series, forming shows such as CSI cyber, and the gaming world, Call Of Duty Infinite Warfare. Neglect regarding cyber security can: undermine the reputation of both the government and elected officials; force unacceptable expenditures associated with the cost of cleaning up after security breaches; cripple governments' abilities to respond to a wide variety of homeland security emergency situations or recover from natural or man-made threats; and disable elected officials' ability to govern (Lohrmann, 2010). Classified information such as overseas operators and attacks, missile locations, response plans and weaknesses, and much more cripples America’s ability to defend itself from enemies both foreign and domestic. To combat cyber terrorism is the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, or CISA. In an article titled “Why Cybersecurity Information Sharing Is A Positive Step for Online Security” it is discussed that under CISA, the Department of Homeland security will have more responsibility for domestic cybersecurity. CISA’s fundamental purpose is to better enable cybersecurity information to be shared between the private and public sectors (2016). The sharing of threat information between public and private sectors can give the the United States a head start by allowing them to share information rapidly and more often to combat enemy threats while still providing safety for privacy and civil

Cyber crimes from criminal organizations has risen over the past few years many of these have been located overseas and most of them have been based in Eastern Europe that hire and direct hackers on what they want done. The statement has been made that the battle lines between cyber attacks by organized crime reaches far wider than just an institution's firewalls. One such organized cybercrime unit is the Russian Business Network they are one of the more well known criminal organizations delving into the global networks of the financial institutions.

With the growing threat of cyber-terror crimes it is no secret that the victims and potential victims of these crimes would be uneasy. The short terms affects could include loss of valuable information, money, damage to brand and company reputation

If there is nothing done about cyber hacking, money, and important resources will be stolen from innocent people trying to live a successful life. “Cyber-crime units exist within local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) plays a critical role investigating crimes committed through the Internet” (Dingwell).

Times have changed what was known as organized crime has been replaced by Cybercrimes (Heists: Cybercrimes with Ben Hammersley). Cybercrimes have risen dramatically in recent years and have become a major issue the United States and company’s face today jeopardizing as well as threatening the critical infrastructure of America (Cyberwar Threat, 2005). Sadly, the status quo of cyber security is very unstable with the advancements and growth which has put most individuals and businesses into an enormous threat (Agustina, 2015).

New types of Internet-related crimes have emerged. threats to individuals, also called personal cyber-crime, is to illegally obtain the identity of electronic individuals, such as their e-mail and password, and also extend to e-impersonation. For example, dragging images and important files from the victim's device to threaten them and subject them to orders. Also, threat to Property This type of crime targets government, private and personal entities. For instance, destruction of important files or proprietary software, through malicious programs transmitted to the user's device in several ways, notably e-mails. Likewise, there are threats that target governments - hacker attacks on official government websites and network systems. To eliminate or destroy the infrastructure of the site or network system, these attacks are often politically targeted.in addition to that, Political threats that focus on targeting the military positions of some countries to steal information related to state security. To emphasize, Spyware by sending programs to the computer to obtain confidential military

There are many countries where terrorist activities are simply a part of life and where criminal activities are commonplace. Even in well-developed countries there can be problems. One of the most insidious of these activities, however, is cybercrime. It may seem less dangerous because it is not physically damaging to the person who is being targeted, but gaining access toa person's private information can cause serious damage to that person's good name and reputation, along with his or her credit, ability to obtain employment, and other parts of life. Something has to be done, but by the time issues are corrected there are new issues appearing. It can feel like a losing battle. Because of constant technological change, new challenges are arising regarding information access and privacy.

Cybercrime like other aspects of crime have had strategies in place to combat cyber related crimes. Before exploring this strategy, a look at different Policing strategy over the years shows that these strategies have been changing to accommodate different aspects of crime. From the 1990s, policing and crime analysis have undergone rapid development in approaches to fighting crime namely; community cohesion policing, neighbourhood policing, Problem oriented policing, intelligence led policing, citizen focused policing, knowledge based policing, reassurance policing, each approach have consolidated and directly built on the legacy of the other approaches.

Prevalent to the current trend now is the dependency of the society on Information technology and communication systems. Every aspect of human life is one way or the other linked and controlled by information technology tools. The importance of information technology cannot be over emphasized as its unavailability could lead to a form of disaster or the other. Pivotal infrastructures like finance, healthcare, education and security are driven by information technology. However, information technology and its benefits are accompanied by vulnerabilities and risks that can be exploited by people with the necessary technical skills. Individuals like ‘Hackers’ and ‘Cyber Terrorist’ can cause disruption to information systems, commit financial fraud and also attack computers and networks. These attacks and disruptions could result to violence against people and properties. In some cases, death, serious injuries and severe economic loss could occur as a result of these attacks.

In summer of 2013, numerous global surveillance programs were widely acknowledged by the public and media, because Edward Snowden leaked thousands of classified documents of them from National Security Agency (NSA), triggering a global debate about national security and citizens’ rights to privacy on the Internet (Philippens, 2013). The development of Internet provides great convenience for the companies and consumers, such as e-commerce and social networking. Meanwhile, it poses certain risks to some extent, such as leakage of corporate secrets and personal privacy. Thus, multinational companies should find their ways to respond to the problem of cyber security in the digital age.

By the year of 2016, investments in online security are expected to reach $86bn (Contu et al, 2012). Although this might seem a large sum of money, it is considered necessary since there is an increase in online risks from all over the world. Professional hackers develop malware on a global scale and on a 24/7 basis. Hackers have five objectives when spreading malware over the Internet: to infect/distribute, to steal, to persist, to control and for intelligence (Morris, 2010).

The increasing volume and sophistication of cyber security threats including targeted data theft, phishing scams and other online vulnerabilities demand that we remain vigilant about securing our systems and information.

In accordance with many decades of cyber evolution, a cybercrime is shown in different ranges of crimes, which depend on the spread of technology and law. From the introduction of computer in the 1960s to the rise of personal computer in 1980s, cybercrime began to appear. The crimes can vary from piracy of software to patent-related crimes. This caused a surge in the introduction of relevant legislation in many countries and international organizations involved. In late 1990s, when Internet and transnational crimes were born, the international community cooperated in many instances such as the passing of the UN General Assembly Resolution 45/121 in 1990 and the manual for the prevention and control of computer-related crimes issued in 1994. Despite all the

Cybercrime has become a fast growing concern for the 21st century as businesses, institutions and individuals grow into an interconnected web of computer networks. Online business transactions, along with the sharing of personal information, are vulnerable to a host of disasters that can reap economic and social havoc. Some sources say that today, cybercrime costs more than $1.0 trillion to society--Global Industry Analysts, Inc. forecasted the world cyber security market to reach $80 billion by 2017 (Gale, 2011).

The Internet is a connection of computers across the world through a network. Its origin dates back to the 1960s when the U.S Military used it for research, but it became more available to the public from the late 1980s. The World Wide Web was created in 1989 and browsers began appearing in the early 1990s. Over the last 24 years, the Internet has enabled people to shop, play, do research, communicate and conduct business online. It has also become cheaper and faster in performing different tasks. As much as the Internet has done immeasurable good to society, it has also dominated people’s lives and brought with it an array of cybercrimes. According to Nicholas Carr in his book The Shallows: How the Internet is Changing the Way we Think,