David Premack Punishment

Behavioural model understands mental dysfunction. Its understood that most behavioural happenings are picked up on by watching others. Therapy aims to reverse this, it is best used on phobias

According to Kail and Cavanaugh the theory established by Skinner known as operant conditioning is a “learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future” (p. 13). This theory to an extent, parallels the previous theory of operant conditioning but is also important in trying to understand why one makes the decisions they do as well as how often they partake in certain behaviors. Through his theory Skinner displayed that there are two types of consequences, reinforcement and punishment, in which one increases the chances of repeated behavior and the other vice versa. Reinforcement is the component that increases the likeliness of repeated behavior and includes two divisions, negative and positive. Negative reinforcement is that in which a person’s

Delinquent behavior is more likely to happen if it is frequently reinforced and infrequently punished, results in large amounts of reinforcement and little punishment or is more likely to be reinforced than alternative behaviors.

Behavior Modification, a psychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changed directly through the application of social-learning principles. Assessment procedures focus on describing how an individual behaves, thinks, and feels in specific situations. Treatment methods are derived from the theories and findings of

As well, it says that if the behavior is reinforced that it will be repeated and likely become habitual (Sutherland & Cressey, 2013). If this theory is used in the right context, it can explain why individuals commit property crime. Through a series of socializations and delinquent acts a person can become reinforced in their actions of property crime. An example would be a younger sibling watching his older sibling stealing a bike and getting away with it. This reinforces to the younger sibling if he chooses to steal a bike that he too may get away unscathed. According to Warr & Stafford (1991) the effect of the behaviors of friends vs the attitude of friends had a 2.5 to 5 times greater effect on their peers.

Its application to the treatment of mental problems is known as behaviour modification. Learning is seen as behaviour change moulded by experience; it is accomplished largely through either classical or operant conditioning.

2. Premack Principle: The principle states that if two behaviors differ in their likelihood of occurrence, the less likely behavior can be reinforced by using the more likely behavior as a reward. In layman’s terms, this strategy capitalizes on the fact that any enjoyable activity can be used as a reward or incentives for

Skinner believed that behaviour is shaped and maintained by a reinforcing stimulus and that schedules of reinforcement are important factors in the learning process. There are many situations in the classroom where a behaviourist approach is likely to work well. For example, when I teach, I have started to pick out students who are making the right choices throughout the lesson. I call attention to the student who is doing the right thing and use verbal praise, which is quite an effective way to let other students realise what the expected learning behaviour is. The Year 6 students in the class are aware of the school’s reward system; ten credits lead to one merit, which is recorded in their merit book. They are also aware that bad behaviour in the class or on the playground will be followed by negative consequences. To warn against unwanted behaviour, I have seen teachers use negative reinforcers such as verbal warnings, timeouts and losing privileges.

According to Akers and Sellers (2004), reinforcement of attitudes, beliefs and values occurs through both differential association and imitation can be either positive or negative. Positive reinforcement occurs when actions are rewarded through positive reactions to the behaviour as well as through positive consequences. Positive reinforcement can increase the probability of criminal behaviour through these rewards. Negative reinforcement, on the other hand involves the removal of negative outcomes or responses, and this may also increased probability of taking certain action.

DT’s goal is for clients to reenact situations that have emotional significance for them (Fong, 2006), and can be used to imitate real life dramas that a person deals with. Fong (2006) observes that most drama therapists do not focus on theories, using client experiences to devise a treatment plan. DT can be utilized in group therapy through warm ups, action, and sharing, which help clients understand their personalities and feelings (Fong, 2006). Specifically, DT uses modeling techniques to help kids with autism spectrum disorder by identifying social cues, communication skills, movement, and social interaction.

In the book Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anger and Aggression in Children, it discusses a form treatment called, the behavioral or learning model, in which it explains for child-focused therapies to use social skills training to replace the aggression behavior with socially acceptable behavior (Sukhodolsky

2. Westin’s parents can use the law of effect to help their son behave better. Westin’s parents could reward their son for not throwing tantrums when he does not get his way, but if he does throw a tantrum he would get a negative consequence. For example, if their son is okay with not getting his way, he would receive a lollipop, but if he threw a tantrum he would get sent to his room. The law of effect is Thorndike’s principle and he states if you reward or have positive consequence, you will have a better effect than you would have if someone had a negative effect. In addition, Westin’s parents can use the fixed interval schedule of reinforcement to help their son behave better. The fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is when you respond

A punishment may become reinforcing to the punisher or to the person being punished. The punisher may enjoy punishing and the person being punished may enjoy the attention being given and therefore may continue with the unwanted behavior to receive that attention. A punishment can cause a generalized inhibiting effect or stimulus generalization; this means that a similar behavior can be stopped because it is thought to cause punishment. Another danger of punishment is that the person being punished may learn to dislike the person enforcing the punishment. The biggest danger of punishment is that it does not teach the appropriate behavior. Punishment alone enforces an incorrect behavior, in order to teach the right behavior there needs to be reinforcement of the behavior that is

One of the simplest and most commonly-used methods of conceptualizing learning is that of reinforcement theory (Noe 2010: 142). Every time a parent promises a child a toy for being good during a grocery store trip or threatens a teen with being grounded for bad grades, he or she is using reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory is based upon the assumption that people want to experience as much pleasure as possible and avoid pain. Thus, businesses offer workers bonuses for good work, and issue reprimands (such as docking pay or denying a promotion) for poor behavior.

Complimentary use of reinforcement for some desirable behavior in conjunction with the use of a punishing consequence of the target undesirable behavior is defined as the "even swap" rule. In applied settings the need to include positive reinforcement for alternate behavior and punishment contingencies for problem behavior is not practiced. Punishment and reinforcement is a good combination because you would reduce an undesirable behavior with an appropriate replacement. This contingency would function as a Punisher because it you can reduce the negative behavior and also link it to a