Describe The Eight Steps Of The Krebs Cycle

The krebs cycle is the second step in aerobic respiration of cells, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This process is to oxidize pyruvate.

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

The Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical cycle of energy and matter that supports the continued existence of life on earth. Describe the stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis and their interaction and interdependence including raw materials, products, and amount of ATP or glucose produced during each phase. How is each linked to specific organelles within the eukaryotic cell? What has been the importance and significance of these processes and their cyclic interaction to the evolution and diversity of life?

There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen present and in the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) and the cytoplasm (in prokaryotic cells). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; it proceeds through the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a cycle of producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to thirty-four ATPs. Anaerobic respiration is known as a process called fermentation. It occurs in the cytoplasm and molecules do not enter the mitochondria for further breakdown. This process helps to produce alcohol in yeast and plants, and lactate in animals. Only two ATPs are produced through this process. In yeast fermentation is used to make beer, wine, and whiskey.

Aerobic respiration happens only when oxygen is presented in the cell. Aerobic respiration starts with pyruvate crossing into the mitochondria. When it passes through, a Coenzyme A will attach to it producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH. Acetyl CoA will enter into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA will bound with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA), a four carbon molecule, producing the six carbon molecule, Citric Acid. Citric Acid will reorganize into Isocitrate. This will lose a CO2 and make a NADH turning itself into alpha ketoglutarate, a five carbon molecule. Alpha ketoglutarate will turn into an unstable four carbon molecule, which attaches to CoA making succinyl CoA. During that process a CO2 and NADH is made. An ATP is made when CoA leaves and creates Succinate. This molecule is turned into Fumarate, creating two FADH2 in the process. Then Fumarate is turned into Malate then into OAA making two NADH. Only two ATP is produced in Krebs cycle but the resulting NADHs and FADH2s are passed through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase. When the molecules passes through that cycle a total of 28 ATP molecules are produced. In all aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP and waste products of H2O and

The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid, TCA, cycle, a series of chemical reactions that generates energy from the oxidation of acetate into chemical energy and carbon dioxide in the form of ATP. It also provides NADH, which is a reducing agent that is very common in biochemical reactions. This cycle is constantly supplied with new carbon. This comes in from acetyl-CoA, which starts the entire process of the citric acid cycle. The first step of the citric acid cycle is the aldol condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA and water with the enzyme citrate synthase in order to form citrate and CoA-SH. The next step is the dehydration of citrate with the enzyme aconitase in order to form cis-aconitate and water. Then comes the hydration of cis-Aconitate and water with the enzyme aconitase in order to form isocitrate. The next is the oxidation of isocitrate and NAD+ with the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in order to form oxalosuccinate and NADH and H+. Then, there is the decarboxylation of oxalosuccinate with the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in order to form alpha-ketoglutarate and carbon dioxide. Next, there is the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate and NAD+ and CoA-SH with the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in order to form succinyl-CoA and NADH and H+ and carbon dioxide. The next step is the substrate-level phosphorylation of succinyl-CoA and GDP and Pi with the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase in order to form succinate and CoA-SH and GTP. Then, there is the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone with the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in order to form fumarate and ubiquinol. Next, is the hydration of fumarate and water with the enzyme fumarase in order to form L-malate. The final step is the oxidation of L-malate and NAD+ with the enzyme malate dehydrogenase in order to form oxaloacetate and NADH and H+. Two cycles are required for every single glucose molecule because two acetyl Co-A molecules

The acetyl group from pyruvate is oxidised in a series of nine reactions; the citric acid cycle. Also known as the Krebs cycle, it is the second stage of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a 3 stage process where organic fuel molecules are broken down, in the presence of oxygen, to harvest energy. These reactions occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is a

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

2. (6 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a table* that describes which muscles move which bones across which joints under the control of which nerves)

This process uses the pyruvate produced in the previous process of glycolysis in an aerobic state. In the presence of oxygen, acetyl-CoA is first produced from the pyruvate molecule. Next acetyl-CoA enters the mitochondria and oxidized into CO2 along with reducing NAD to NADH. NADH will be used later in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP. At the end of the krebs cycle a net of 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADPH and 2 FADH2. The waste products released in this process are CO2 and H20. The 8 NADPH and 2 FADH2 are used to transport electrons to the electron transport chain which is the next step in the cellular respiration

The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions which occur in the mitochondria and results in the formation of ATP and other molecules which undergo farther reactions to form more ATP. Cellular respiration can be divided into four sequences. The first sequence is glycolysis, its breaks down one molecule glucose into two molecules pyruyate. Transition takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and it’s referred to the beginning of aerobic respiration. The process takes place if there is enough amounts of oxygen in the mitochondria. However if there is insufficient oxygen in the mitochondria it could result into fermentation. Transition Reactions take place in the pyruvate molecule. In transition reactions two hydrogen electrons and one carbon

Cellular respiration is a procedure that most living life forms experience to make and get chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The energy is synthesized in three separate phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are both anaerobic pathways because they do not bother with oxygen to form energy. The electron transport chain however, is aerobic due to its use of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP particles are created with the help of oxygen atoms (Campbell, 2009, p. 93). During which, organic food molecules are oxidized to synthesize ATP used to drive the metabolic reactions necessary to maintain the organism’s physical integrity and to support all its activities (Campbell, 2009, pp. 102-103).

aerobic respiration the Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle in which 6 CO2 (1 molecule

Mitochondrial respiration (aerobic metabolism) occurs in the mitochondria of the cells when the oxygen supply is sufficient to meet the oxygen demands (Smith, 2002).