Descriptive Epidemiology Of Major Depressive Disorder In Canada

Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg & Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, which are distinguished by the amount of burden the depression causes, the number, frequency, duration, and severity of the depressive episodes, and the occurrence of specific sub threshold episodes (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Although bipolar II disorder diagnosis are on the rise we lack extensive research on the features and treatments of this disorder (Datto, Pottorf, Feeley, Laporte, & Liss, 2016). Bipolar II disorder is now recognized in the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) under a new chapter dedicated specifically to bipolar disorders. Which proves that bipolar disorders are their own set of disorders in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics (Möller, et al., 2014). This allows an enhancement in the accuracy of diagnosis, which in turn leads to earlier treatment. In the DSM-5 it states that bipolar II disorder can lead to effects such as disability, comorbidity, mortality, and an impact on the quality of life (Datto, Pottorf,

In adults Major Depressive Disorder effects twice as many woman as it does men. It is most common between the ages of 25-44 years old (Spaner, Bland, & Newman, 2007). Individuals with a parent or a sibling with the disorder are 1.5 to 3 times as likely to also develop the condition (Fave & Kendler, 2000). Managing or treating a medical condition, like major depressive disorder, can be difficult if the person suffers from clinical depression. The prognosis for their medical problem will more than likely be less positive (Belmaker & Agam, 2008).

Depression is a mental disorder in which a patient might feel intense, prolonged, negative emotions (Beyond Blue, 2014). This can have severe impact on a person's mental and physical health, thus affecting a person's quality of life. Severe cases can even lead to suicide. It is estimated that one in six Australians will experience depression in their lifetime (Beyond Blue, 2014). The burden of disease gives an indication of of the loss of health and well being of Australians due to each disease (ABS, 2010). Depression and anxiety is the leading cause of burden among females, accounting for 10% of burden while it is the third leading cause for men, accounting for 4.8% (AIHW, 2003) (This was the most recent information found).

Mental health disorders are highly prevalent in most of the countries and account of a large proportion of disease burden. In recent years, many countries have made the prevention of mental health disorders top priority, given the economic burden associated with the mental health disorders. Canadians seeking assistance for mental health problems face lengthy waiting lists for all most all mental health services. This contributes to over-crowding in emergency rooms and to resources wasted when problems become worse or people wait for service not appropriate to their needs. Delay in to service have had led to costly no-shows in many community mental health service providers and family service agencies. With limited resources mental service providers

2. Andrews, G. & Slade, T. (2001) ‘Interpreting scores on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Vol 25(6), 494-7.3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2011) The health of Australia’s prisoners 2010, Cat. No. PHE 149, Canberra.4. Beck, A.T. & Steer, R.A. (1987) Beck Hopelessness Scale Manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.5. Beck, A. T. & Steer, R. A. (1990) Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual, San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.6. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. & Brown, G.K. (1996) Beck Depression Inventory II Manual, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.7. Berwick, D., Murphy, J., Goldman, P., Ware, J., Barsky, A. and Weinstein, M., Performance of a five-item mental health screening test, Medical Care 1991, 29:169-176.8. Beyond Blue n.d., ‘Checklists to Identify Depression and Anxiety’, viewed 16 January 2012, 9. Commonwealth of Australia (2009) Fourth National Mental Health Plan, An agenda for collaborative government action in mental health 2009–2014, Attorney-General’s Department, Barton, Australian Capital Territory. 10. Commonwealth of Australia (2009) National Mental Health Policy 2008, Attorney-General’s Department, Barton, Australian Capital Territory.11. Coombs, T. (2005) ‘Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network; Kessler -10 Training Manual’, NSW Institute of Psychiatry.

Bipolar disorder is a costly and disabling disease. Patients with bipolar disorder may be misdiagnosed with another illness in their initial presentation. Major challenges to accurate diagnosis include difficulties in differentiating bipolar depression from unipolar depression. Significant heterogeneity between different patients of bipolar disorder, such that they would report different

Mental health services are essential to the overall wellbeing for Canadians, especially for those who face severe mental issues everyday. The Canadian Mental Health Association provides exceptional care and services. The article, Age, Gender, and the Underutilization of Mental Health Services suggests that “the mental health needs of individuals within and outside of North America are not being adequately met. Mental illness is prevalent; roughly 30–50% of people will experience a mental disorder in their lifetimes” (Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. 2006). The CMHA strives to offer care and help for those of the community who need it.

Currently effecting between 2-4% of the overall population and as one of the leading causes of homelessness, suicide, and hospitalization, bipolar disorder is yet, still one of the most perplexing, as well as the most misunderstood mental disorders out there. With this particular disorder, the complexity arises given one’s predisposition, diversity, and non-specific range of hazards for said disorder; thusly, making a cure, or at best, prevention, difficult, if not impossible, if not for appropriate early intervention. Bipolar not only puts a strain on the economic condition of our country, but on the individual, as well as society as a whole; given, its propensity to bring about financial difficulties, employment difficulties, and poor self-esteem and this is simply three examples, out of quite possible a largely finite numeral of disparities realized within the afflicted, as well as the overall populace. Nothing left of what we deem normal will be left untainted, and with limited governmental funding and a lack of knowledge, mankind’s naïve, uncaring nature will only bring about less than desirable responses to treatment, medicinally or otherwise; given, the disorder is far more difficult to treat later in life. With the proximal factors of which occur within one 's own environment, such as acute

Bipolar disorder like most mental disorders does not discriminate by culture. This research papers primary goal is educate on the cultural difference or similarities in how bipolar disorder manifests itself. The secondary goal of this paper is to establish a generalized understanding of bipolar disorder as to supplement the primary goal. This will all be done in a systematic manner to ensure that every major topic is examined to the full extent and all the topics of interests are covered properly. This paper will being with an initial discussion of the generalized of the symptoms of bipolar disorder and its variants. The paper proceed by then adding to the various etiological factors of this disorder as they follow biopsychosocial approach. Next the various options for treatment will be discussed and the efficacy of each treatment will be examined in comparison to the others being examined. Finally the paper will end with the cultural aspects of bipolar disorder being examined. This cultural approach will take into account symptomology, treatment differences, statistical analysis of prevalence, and various other factors that are deemed important. It seems as if the primary goal of this paper is be put on hold in place of generalized facts, but this is only because culture as it relates to bipolar disorder is not very well understood. So the use of the primary goal is to supplement the generalized information of the secondary goal.

The 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Results revealed that at some stage in their lives, up to 45% of Australians will experience a mental illness, with 20% of the Australians surveyed in the 16-85 age group having experienced a mental illness within the 12 months preceding the survey

Mental health is a significant and growing issue affecting almost half (45%) of the Australian population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017, p. 2). Mental health refers to a person’s state of psychological and emotional wellbeing where they have the ability to handle day-to-day stressors and function constructively in the community (World Health Organisation, 2013, p. 7). The impact of mental health is substantial in Australia with 7.8% of the total health expenditure spent on mental health associated services in 2014-15, this equates to roughly $8.5 billion (AIHW, p. 25). The distribution of mental health disorders in our society is unbiased and affects a wide variety of diverse individuals. Given this however, figures show

Of the group of participants, (83%) of the women were White, (10%) Hispanic, (3%) Asian Pacific Islander, and (4%) identified as Other. Age ranges included 15-44 years old with the mean age of 27. Eighty-three percent of the women were married. The majority of the women were insured (63%), with (24%) having had Medicaid, and (25%) reported that they were self-pay. Thirteen percent of the women reported a family history of psychiatric illness while (23%) reported a personal history of a mood disorder. Thirty percent of the sample reported that they were stay-at-home mothers while (70%) reported they were currently employed. The majority of the women’s partners also were employed, with (10%) being unemployed. Women were excluded from the study if they were currently diagnosed or being treated for a mood disorder based on patient self-report or documentation in the hospital medical record.

In the 21st century, mental illness is the first causes of non-fatal disease and injury in Australia. According to Sawyer and Savy(2014), one in every five Australians have diagnose one or more mental illness(p. 249) . Nowadays, not only adults that have mental disorder, even adolescent are affect by mental health problem. Mental disorder among adolescent include committing suicide, drugs addicted and bullying among the youth. While the most mental illness among adult are anxiety and depression, abuse disorder and drug addicted.

This was reported in 2005 and has not been updated by the NIH since. Mental disabilities has exponentially risen since 2005 due to more information and research giving better insight, but yet have we discovered the correct approach to diagnosing and treatment. Because of this increase in bipolar disorder I chose to report on an article related to the understanding and treatment of bipolar disorder. The article, What is it like to be diagnosed with bipolar illness, borderline personality disorder or another diagnosis with mood instability, gives recognition to the fact that there are many people who have this bipolar disorder and they have expectations of being acknowledged and listened to. The article hypothesis is seeing if it is worthwhile looking into a different approach towards diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorders. It wonders if it would make a difference for these patients and their

bipolar disorder. The study was conducted over a period of three years and involved approximately 34