Development of Emotion Based on Culture for Infants and Toddlers

Emotional- Babies at this age are not unable to communicate so show their emotion by crying or laughter and may use some facial expressions to show how they feel about what’s going on around them. As they get older say around two years old they show their emotion by having tantrums. When they reach three they begin to care about the people around them and tend to share toys with them and play with them.

To summarize Dr. Bloom’s article, language and emotion are related in complex ways in the process of development. A child’s language is created by the conditions and circumstances going on in that child’s world at that moment. A child’s feelings and emotions are centered on the personal and physical world and determine the significance of language for learning. Children use words that have different feelings. Though, children typically don’t use emotional descriptive words until language development is underway, around two years of age. Dr. Bloom’s study of children nine months to two and half years of age showed the development in emotion and language from a child’s first word to speaking in sentences. While children achieved simple sentence structure at the age of two, still the children of the study differed in their ages of emotional achievement. When time

This maybe due to the fact that Japanese infants experience much less separation, they generally sleep with their parents until over 2 years of age, are carried around on their mothers’ backs and bathe with their parents. As a result, Japanese children are rarely left alone. This means that for Japanese children, the Strange Situation was more than mildly stressful, they were suffering extreme stress – this was not the original aim of the Strange Situation. Secondly, Japanese infants shoed a total lack of avoidant behaviour in this sample; this is another cultural factor.

Experience-expectant development of emotions of the four does not differ in different cultures. They all develop from a limited, general emotions to more differentiated expressions. In Ponijao development, when newly born, she does not react to her mother playing with her. However, after several scenes, we see that she then smiles and laughs whenever the mother shakes her lightly. The same emotional development can be seen in Bayar.

At 6 weeks infants develop a social smile, at 3 month laughter and curiosity develop, at 4 months full responsive smiles emerge, from 4-8 months they develop anger, from 9014 months they develop a fear of social events, at 12 months the are fearful of unexpected sights and sounds, and at 18 months they are self-aware, feel pride, shame, and embarrassment. In the first two years, infants develop from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of social awareness. Emotions in infants are produced from their body as opposed to their thoughts. Therefore fast and uncensored reactions are common in infants. During their toddler years, the strength of their emotions will increase.

The regulation of emotions within adults is considerably more complex than within an infant. However, this does not mean that infants do not share the same feelings as adults do. Infant emotion regulation is evidently derived from their primary carers. Empirical research supports idea as stated by Diener (et al, 2002) whereby the study conducted involved infants completing a strange situations procedure, this explored the connection between mother-infant relationship and the behavioural strategies used by infants for emotion regulation. Therefore, behavioural strategies used by infants including self-soothing, withdrawal and self-distraction with objects is when it is clear that infants have the ability to control and monitor their emotions (Martins, 2012; Diener et al., 2002). These strategies are supported through various studies conducted by Martins (2012) as they explore infants who are able to cope with their emotions obtain certain strategies which contribute to their ability to regulate their behaviour for example using distractions. Evidently, this shows the development of infant emotion regulation skills (Diener et al, 2002). Moreover, infants experience a range of emotions in numerous frustrating situations, including some as simple as waiting to be fed or sitting in a car seat waiting to go out. It is from this that infants become more aware of their emotions and begin to find ways of coping

Bronfenbrenner and Evans (2000) signify that environment is a dominate factor with child development and as emotions are central to all humans; a child’s environment produces significant influence on emotion development and emotion expression. The base emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, interest and surprise) are considered universal as they appear across all cultures, are present from

I learned in chapter seven of children of emotions. A researcher named michael lewis who has has state that there is a differences in emotion. There are emotions that are found in every person and animals called primary emotions. Primary emotions are anger, fear, sadness, joy, interest, and disgust, they present themselves in the first six month. Then according to lewis self- conscious emotion that requires that a child is conscious of their own sense of being. Those emotions are pride, shame, empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment which usually don’t appear until around a six months to two years. Though it has been debated that self awareness don’ts happen until around eighteen months. I think it's interesting to learn about the emotion that infants might feel.

First of all, what are emotions? Emotions includes feelings, physiological correlates (heart rate and brain wave activity), cognition that conduces physiological changes, and actions that follow the desire to communicate needs or avoid harmful. I believe that infants have emotions because after watching the video I can say that infants create a relationship with their parents or caregivers that help them to identify the emotional stage of the baby with the cues that the infant is giving at a particular time. That’s why is very crucial for parents and caregivers to keep an excellent emotional education, patient and good humor with infants so they can distinguish what they are feeling. The primary facial expressions of babies at birth are expressions

Culture is a set of values that are ingrained in human beings from birth. They define our actions, our view of what is good, fair, and just, and shape the way we live our lives. The definition of cross-cultural values and beliefs is that of where people from different countries or regions interact, bringing their different values, viewpoints, and practices unique to their culture (Dictionary, 2017). In this literature review, we will analyze the differences between Chinese and Western culture in child rearing, with a focus on the impact of cultural values on parents and/or teachers’ socialization efforts, how children accommodate or resist those socialization efforts, and finally, we will discuss the implications for parents and teachers.

Emotional and social development in the infancy age period states an emotional bond between two people is generated, and supports the Erikson theory of the infancy stage of Trust vs. Mistrust. Additionally, emotions is known as an infants first form of language and communication, and newborns crying is the utmost significant mechanism they have to communicate.

1. Chapter 4 “The First Two Years: The Social World” section “Emotional Development” discusses the significance of variety of early emotions that humans have the experience in their life. The most common and basic forms of emotions that infants present as their age is pain and pleasure. Throughout their life, they develop mentally and physically, as well as learning more emotions that enable them to show expressions, reactions, and reasons that trigger those reactions (Berger, 130) During toddlerhood, between the ages of two and up, emotions are strengthened, for example, toddlers’ laughter and cries are more apparent and amplified. Together with their anger and fear becoming less frequent but directed towards experiences that are terrifying and infuriating. In addition, toddlers often have temper tantrums, “when something angers them, they might yell, scream, cry, hit, and throw themselves on the floor” (Berger, 130) Toddlers’ temper tantrums can even cause more tantrums or worsen the situation if a response from an adult or is negative, like out of anger or teasing the child.

Young children are in a dyadic dance with their caregiver, taking cues, mirroring emotion and behavior and constructing reciprocity, therefore they are greatly affected by parental stress (Hughes 2012). Parental stress is troubling and the child will work to mitigate it. By seven or eight months of age, an infant will send purposeful signals bidding caregiver’s attendance to their need, to be picked up and communicate comfort needs (Sroufe, 2011). They will also be looking for coregulation signals from their caregiver as the infant’s neural networks are not yet scaffolded to this task therefore the infant is not skilled in regulating their own emotions (cite).

From the beginning, babies are born with their own personalities. Crying is the first sense of emotion and is used to communicate many different things. Psychosocial development increases, as they are able to express more emotions. Between zero to three months of age, babies can smile. They start to become curious and show interest in certain things. By three to six months, infants can

Now that the child is school age, it has many different learned experiences with facial expressions from parents, siblings, friends, and teachers. A child will be reprimanded for doing something against the parents’ wishes and will be told to stop. Children will often test the parents’ limits and continue with the action and when the parent combines the verbal action along with the stern facial expression, the child understand it has reached the parent’s limit. Verbal communication combined with facial expressions provides more meaning to the conversation than just words alone.