Dialysis Research Paper

It can also occur during blood transfusion or during dressing change. The insertion of central catheters can occur in the Interventional Radiology or sometimes at the bedside. Regardless of the where the insertion process occur, a sterile field must always be maintained and sterile techniques must always be employed to prevent any organisms from being introduced to the central line into the patient. According to The Joint Commission (2013), many organizations such as Michigan Keystone Intensive Care Unit Project and Institute for Healthcare Improvement are actually adhering to insertion bundles to reduce the CLABSI rates. The bundles include hand hygiene, maximal barrier precautions, chlorhexidine skin preparation, avoidance of femoral vein, and prompt removal of central catheter. Furuya et al. (2011) studied the effectiveness of the insertion bundle and how it impacts the bloodstream infections for patients in the Intensive Care Unit. As a result, lesser infection have occurred when the compliance is high. As mentioned, the site of the catheter also needs to be considered in the insertion process. Avoiding areas such as the groin to access the femoral artery is recommended because this area can be easily contaminated with urine or feces. In addition, after the insertion of a new central line, all the used IV tubing

Only when it is absolutely necessary should a catheter be inserted into a patient. Every patient is assessed for the need for a Foley catheter. If the Foley is inserted, assessments are also then done daily to see if the need is still valid. If the reason is not justifiable the catheter must be removed from the patient (Joint Commission releases new NPSG for CAUTI, 2011). Nurses must follow guidelines while inserting indwelling catheters as well. Aseptic technique is critical to maintain during this process. The use of sterile equipment and a sterile procedure helps to reduce the risk of CAUTI. If in any way the catheter becomes contaminated during the process of insertion, the nurse should discard of the entire catheter and start with a new, sterile kit. Proper hand hygiene is very important before and after contact with indwelling catheters to decrease risk of infection. Maintenance of a close drainage is system is also important that way bacteria are not able to get in and cause infection (Revello & Gallo, 2013). Decreasing the number of times Foleys are inserted and how long they stay in for can help reduce the risk of CAUTI since the longer a Foley stays in, the higher the risk of infection becomes. Nurses must keep the catheter line patent, with no kinks to allow urine to flow freely through into the collection bag. When a urine sample must be obtained it must be done in a sterile

Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia

Some of the immediate physical complaints include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, lackluster hair, moodiness, insomnia, no menstruation, swollen glands, weight loss, sore throat, or dry skin. Some of the long-term effects include extreme weight loss, gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, loss of tooth enamel,

Some of the side effects are: Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue, weight gain, premature menopause and hair loss.

Some side effects will need medical attention, although they are not an emergency. Keep in contact with your doctor to help monitor the effects of

The dialysis bag is comparable to a cell membrane. They are similar in the sense they are both semi-permeable. Smaller molecules can pas through the tubing however larger ones cannot. An obvious difference would be the composition of the tubing compared to the membrane. Another difference is that although they both are semi-permeable, the tubing simply works depending on the size of the molecules, while a cell membrane depends on a multitude of things such as ions and receptors, etc.

Side Effects: Frequent urge to urinate, headache (continuing), loss of appetite (continuing), mood or mental changes, muscle pain or twitching, nausea or vomiting, nervousness or restlessness, slow breathing, swelling of feet or lower legs, unpleasant taste, unusual tiredness or weakness

Dr. Jones examined a patient in his office who needed dialysis access procedure on her arms. Prior to Dr. Jones review, Ms. Smith the med tech/secretary examined the patient and documented that the patient blood pressure in both arms were equal. After Dr. Jones examined the patient to compare it with Ms. Smith evaluation he noticed discrepancy in the physical exams. The patient radial pulse in the left arm felt diminished compared to the right. The systolic blood pressure in the left arm was 60mm/hg less than the right, therefore the left hand is most suitable for an access procedure because the patient was right handed. Dr. Jones followed up with the patient and discovered that blood pressure readings were performed only on the right arm. Thus, he confronted the employees about the medical data and she admitted that she falsified the information because she was busy. If Dr. Jones relied on this data he would have conducted an access procedure in the left arm. Dr. Jones applying access procedure to

The option that is most frequently used to treat the disease is dialysis. Dialysis takes a person blood and passes it through an artificial dialyzer which removes toxins and extra fluids from the patient’s blood. In addition to the “Core curriculum for the dialysis technician: a comprehensive review of hemodialysis” dialysis can be done in centers or at the patient’s own home, most of the time it’s done in centers three times a week for four hours.

Here, we first look at how catheters are used and then discuss the problems that may appear when they are not used in the proper manner.

CAPD- Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. When your kidneys begin to fail your blood is not clean properly and you are not able to get rid of extra waste products in your body. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis replaces the work of a failed kidney, it cleans your blood and also helps to control water. A permanent catheter is placed in the abdomen whilst under local/general anaesthetic. It might be necessary for you to stay in hospital for 24-48 hours following the procedure which has just taken place, during your short stay in hospital you may have some dialysis. One to three litres of dialysis fluid are run through the catheter and into the peritoneal cavity, this fluid remains in the cavity for several hours before being drained.

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other patients