Disadvantages Of Urbanization Of Indonesia

The first normative theory that came to mind when watching the situations happening in these slums was the Ethics of Care. The reason being is because one of the principles of ethics of care is to do what is the greater good for others than oneself. The government should try to make some type of relation with these citizens and ask what they think would make their lives easier. When building a relationship with these citizens it gives them a sensation of security and that they are being cared for especially living in the conditions they have. Based on this theory, the government should be worried more of where are these citizens are going to live or finding a solution for these citizens.

With the advent of globalization and industrialization, urban migration and expansion of cities have become a global trend. South American nations are amongst being most rapid urbanized countries. As more people migrate to urban areas in search of better work opportunities, the cities here are growing in size and number (Ferguson & Navarrete, 2003). This problem is native to not just Latin American countries but is a major concern for most of the developing world. As estimated by the UN (United Nations, 2016), 3 billion people or about 40% of the world population would be living in substandard housing as a result of urban expansions and population growth. This is perceived to be a direct impact of rapid urbanization and excessive strain on

Development: As the population grows there is need for urban development which could be intrusive on the

The 21st century is witnessing an increase of the world’s population into urban dwellers. Dramatic movement of people into major towns and cities of the world is caused by rapid sprawl; this is observed in developed and developing countries. This increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore the solution to urban problems depends largely on effective planning, infrastructural management and development. Usually, unplanned population growth is associated to population demands that supersede infrastructure and service capacity, leading to the degradation of the environment.

As “Mumbai boomed on the back of its port and textile mills, poor peasants flowed in from the land in search of job opportunities to provide a roof over their head” (Beddoes). For many of the impoverished, the ability to start small, undocumented businesses was not only a source of income, but also an attractive force that drew them to the slums. As more people came to live in these slums, the amount of space diminished. “ In a 2010 census, it was found that there were roughly a million people per square in a slum called Dharavi” (Beddoes). As the population increased, the living conditions became a lot worse as now “instead of flowers and trees lining the sides of these [narrow] streets, there lies trash, sewage and dead animals”(Parussini). Slums are already very small and now trash takes up half of the street leaving no space for proper homes. “On one side is a family of 12 living in a 90-square-foot room—about half the size of an American car-parking space...eight people share a similar area” (Beddoes).When families finally run out of space, to save money, they add more floors, known as verticalization. This solution fixes the immediate issue of space but unprofessionally built buildings can cause “...building collapses and fire hazards” (Zhang). Due to the cramped nature of the slums, and an abundance in people, these slums have become hard to live in, but because these slums provide shelter and a source of income, many people are forced to overlook these heinous

The physical environment in which the slums are located are just as bad, if not worse, than the housing. A major issue in the

Slums around the world are iconic for their conditions and how people live in them.

The urbanisation is happening because people think that they will be able to get a better job in the city but most of them never reach the city but end up in one of the many slum located around the city where the poverty is way worse than in most rural areas. In this report I am going to show you how we can spend the 10 million pound in the most effective so that we have the most positive impact possible on the people currently living in the Kibera slums.

In developed and developing countries, urban centers have been an alternative center for human settlement and hence, the rate of urbanization is increasing at the turn of this century. Recent studies indicate that at the beginning of the twentieth century, only 10% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. However, currently, half of the world’s population has become urban dwellers (UNCHS, 2002). This shows that urbanization all over the world is expanding from time to time and the change has vast implication on the living conditions of the urban society. Due to rapid urbanization, the concentration of people especially, in cities and towns of developing countries increasingly aggravated the problem of housing. A large proportion of residents in cities and towns developed as well as developing countries are tenants (UN-HABITAT, 2003).

The basic necessity of human beings, Housing has been a global phenomenon. With the surge of urban population or in other words, the growth of urban areas, the issue of poverty, standard of living are being most debated by social activist. Affordable housing has been an issue in many of the developing nations (with examples of slum dwellers and low income group house) and also in developed countries with the low income population

According to the UN Human settlements programme (UN-HABITAT) (2006) it was estimated that in 2007 over a billion people, equivalent to nearly 30% of the world’s urban population would be living in informal settlements. It highlighted that in 2005 only 6% of the urban population in Europe and other developed regions lived in informal settlements, compared to an astounding 41% of the urban population in developing regions. Furthermore the report projected that within the next 30 years the number of people living in informal settlements would reach nearly 2 billion if no affirmative action is taken. With these figures being on the increase Millennium Development Goal 7 target 11 sets out to ameliorate the lives of at least 100 million people living in slums by 2025 (UN, 2000). Consequently this has placed emphasis on the need to focus on the issues associated with urbanisation and the forming of informal settlements as part of the global development agenda. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ( 2001) defines informal settlements as:

Many small town dwellers and villagers had left their hometown for the cities in search of higher standard of living. This movement from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization (Boundless, 2015). As a result, urbanization is the process by which there is an increase in the number and the percentage of people living in the urban settlements and the amount of industrialization of the settlement. In Belize statistics shows that 45% of the population lives in urban areas (Population Reference Bureau, 2014). It also refers to the increase in the size of land area occupied by urban settlements such as towns and cities. Although urbanization has brought about numerous positive impacts, it also has its share of disadvantages as well. The negative impacts of urbanization shall be discussed by means of the economic, environmental and social aspect.

Urbanization is defined as rapid population growth in urban areas. There are four major causes for urbanisation including: rapid economic growth, population increase, economies of scale and multiplier effect. The environment around us is heavily affected by urbanisation, bringing advantages and disadvantages along with it. Almost 45 per cent of the world's population which is two and a half billion people are living in urban areas.

The word ‘slum’ was firstly mentioned by a writer called James Hardy Vaux, in his book ‘Vocabulary of the Flash Language’ which was published in 1812[1]. At those times ‘slum’ was also a synonym of illegal commerce. Today, ‘slum’ is used to describe the residential areas of a huge amount of people of the world. According to the UN-Habitat report released in October 2003 “Some 923,986,000 people, or 31.6 per cent of the world’s total urban population, live in slums; some 43 per cent of the urban population of all developing regions combined live in slums; some 78.2 per cent of the urban population in

A Slum refers to informal settlements within urban areas or cities. The informal settlements depict inadequate housing and miserable condition with reference to living standards (Meade p 43). In the slums, numerous individuals seek housing facilities within small living spaces. The slums also lack basic local authority services such as sanitation, collection of waste, water, drainage systems, street lighting, and emergency roads. Most slums also lack schools, hospital, and public places that might offer adequate environment for social amenities. The experience of France illustrates the essence of slums within the modern society (Oberti p 58). Crime and unemployment are on the rise within the slums because of the poor