Dna Mutation Essay

Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life.

1. What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Frameshift mutations are far more likely to lead to a defective protein than a point mutation because frameshift mutations cause change through inserting or deleting one or more nitrogen bases causing the rearrangement of triplets and them being read incorrectly causing problems. The point mutation, on the other hand, replaces, not inserts or deletes, a single nitrogen base with another, allowing for the amino acid to be or not to be affected causing the triplet to code as explained in the

Mutations occur in the DNA sequence of a gene in an organism. When it comes to the importance of mutations, evolution is the

DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily

This is important if the altered protein is an enzyme which if changed, may no longer match the shape of its substrate, and therefore stop and subsequent enzyme action. Some mutations are harmful, others may have no effect. Chromosome mutations involve changes to either the number of chromosomes of to large sections of the actual single chromosome. Thus meaning many genes are changed.

DNA mutations occur and it changes how the amino acid will turn out. A bunch of amino acids make up one protein. So, DNA mutation occurs and literally changes the outcome of the protein. An example of this is the following sequences that shows change throughout the codes.

Gene mutations are also known as point mutations and they involve changes in the structure of a gene due to the change in their chemical nature. Examples of three main mutations that occur in a gene are:

B. A frameshift mutation changes every base pair to follow it, resulting in multiple amino acids potentially being changed. A point mutation just changes a single amino acid, which may not even change the amino acid that codon pairs for.

Genetic instability refers to temporary or permanent unscheduled alterations within the genome occur and can occur both at chromosomal or nucleotide level. Instability at nucleotide level consists of increased frequency of base-pair mutation or amplified number of nucleotide repeat units such as trinucleotide repeats (TNR) in a gene which will show altered expression and malfunction of RNA and/or protein (Castel et al., 2010).

Nitrogenous bases can either be A, G, C, or T. These letters are significant because when they are put into certain orders, form different instructions and form different sets of rules. A stands for adenine, G stands for guanine, C stands for cytosine, and T stands for thymine. All of these nucleotides make up the double helix that is the main structure of DNA. A mutation is a natural process that changes and substitutes a DNA’s sequence of codons and bases. The order of the codons is crucial because, as stated above, directly relate to the instructions that are written for specific parts of the human. The most common form of a mutation is a single base being substituted for another. But mutations are not always negative. Mutation generates new variations that can give an individual a survival advantage (Health Sciences). A healthy gene is different from a mutated gene because a healthy gene has information that fits in the specific human body. A mutated gene is a gene that has information that is distorted, and will contribute differently during the process if creating a human. As an example, during protein synthesis, there can be point mutations, which leads to deformed red blood cells in sickle cell disease. In Tay Sachs disease, the mutated gene leads to raised toxic levels in the spinal cord and the brain (Health Sciences). Overall, the idea of the structure of DNA and the idea of mutations help to explain genetic disorders because both are involved in making

1. What type of mutation it is (loss of function, gain of function—look up ANY terms up in your book if you don’t know what they mean!

Mutation- Most mutations have no negative evolutionary consequences, some of them however can be fatal. They are the only way that new genetic material and variation is introduced into the genome. Some mutations occur for unknown reasons. There are two different types of mutations; point and chromosomal. Point mutations are caused either by base substitutions or base insertion and deletion. The change in the bases has the ability to change the codon, therefore it can alter the amino acid sequence. Chromosomal mutations are the result of multiple possibilities; deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, non-disjunction, and extra chromosomes. (Kobari)

To deduce if UV Radiation induced a mutation in the DNA of Serratia Marcescens and prevented the production of the red pigment called Prodigiosin.

Point Mutation: is a nucleotide base change in the DNA that is caused by mutation. It may result in the loss, addition or substitution of a nucleotide. Where a single nucleotide base in the DNA strand is altered.