E. Coli : H7

The method of establishment in a host is dependent on the specific strain of pathogenic E. coli. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) cells adhere onto the surface of the mucosa cells lining the small intestines of the host. ETEC can produce labile toxin (LT) and/or stable toxin (ST). These two enterotoxins cause secretion of fluid and result

Health and the CDC linked bacteria from Topps' frozen ground beef patties to an outbreak of the

Escherichia coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that are often used in laboratory studies and are usually harmless, residing in the human digestive tract as part of the normal flora. E. coli 0157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was first identified as a cause of disease in the United States in 1982, during an investigation into an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. The organism is also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) because it causes abdominal pain with diarrhea that may contain blood. It lives in the intestines of healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during slaughter. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has

E. coli or Escherichia coli are a kind of bacteria that affects the intestinal or the digestive system of a human being, which can even lead to death. It is one of the subgroup of fecal coliform bacteria. E. coli O157:H7 is that toxic microorganism or bacteria which causes the intestinal disease in the human beings which is most likely to last about a week. The common symptoms of these diseases are that the patient will have diarrhea with blood (Clermont, Bonacorsi and Bingen 2000). However, the serve cases of this disease may lead to kidney problems, which can lead to death especially when the patient is a child or an elderly person. That is, it can act severely in those patients who have does not have a strong immune system. Some types of E. coli are normally found in the intestines of people and animals

2. List what it is caused by (specific scientific and common names of the organism: Escherichia coli

coli bacteria is a type of bacteria that can live in the intestines of animals and humans. However, there are some types of the E. coli bacteria, particularly E. coli 0157:H7, that can cause intestinal infections. Symptoms of this type of infection include dehydration, abdominal cramps, fever and bloody diarrhoea. These symptoms can endure 2-8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Since these symptoms generally resolve after a few days to a week, most cases of E. coli 0157:H7 infection can be treated at home.

In June of 1997, the Michigan Department of Community Health became aware of increased reports of E.coli. Fifty-two reports of infections were reported compared to eighteen in June 1996. These results showed a significant increase in the number of cases for residents of Michigan. The cases were found to be from all different locations in Michigan, all were different ages and both male and female. Little was known about the causes of the outbreak except it occurred at a slightly higher rate in women than men. Out of the cases, thirty-eight people interviewed who had the illness, none of them consumed ground beef, milk, were in contact with farm animals, and no restaurants were in common, but they all consumed sprouts seven days before the onset of symptoms. My role as an epidemiologist for this outbreak

CDC says that 63 people were infected with the outbreak strains of E.Coli 0121 and that 026 have been reported from 24 states. The sickness started from December 21, 2015 to September 5, 2016 and 17 sick people were hospitalized. CDC found out that some people who got sick had to of eaten or dealt with raw dough. FDA’s investigation determined that the raw dough restaurants were using General Mills flour that had to of been produced in November of 2015. General Mills flour manufactured that it was likely to be the source of the outbreak. General Mills contacted all of the costumers who have gotten flour from there and told them about the recall. FDA and General Mills are working together to make sure that the costumers have all been notified.

Foodborne illnesses is an important problem in the United States, which cause a total of 19,056 infections, 4,200 hospitalizations, and 80 deaths were reported in 2013. Moreover, foodborne illnesses cost the United States an estimated $152 billion per year in healthcare (Scharff, 2010; CDC, 2014). E. coli O157 belonged Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), it was usually classified pathotypically as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Bryan et al., 2015). Between 2000 and 2010 have 5688 cases of O157 STEC infections were reported by FoodNet sentinel states, while the rate of O157 STEC infection decreased from 2.17 to 0.95 per 100,000 (Gould et al., 2013). By the way, Magwedere et al. (2013) also reported retail ground meat samples were purchased at grocery stores, local farmers’ markets, and online vendors, out of 16 ground chicken samples, 7 samples tested positive for O157 STEC. On the other hand, E. coli also causes diverse extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), urinary tract infections (UTI) is a good example to illustrate. The economic burden associated with urinary tract infections is estimated to be approximately 1.5 billion in the United States annually. According to previous studies, the food animal and meat reservoir might exist and isolate from retail chicken meat products for UPEC (Jakobsen et al., 2010; Shortlidge et al., 2013; Natalie et al., 2015). In recent research suggested UPEC besides the ability to

The CDC collaborated with public health officials in many states, the US FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) to investigate an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections.

Scientifically speaking, Escherichia coli is a pathogen that is a bacteria that is Prokaryotic in nature. This bacteria presents itself as a gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod. This pathogenic bacteria releases toxins that invade the intestinal tissues and in cases of cystitis invade the tissues of the kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it causes inflammation of those affected cells.

Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals. E. coli isn’t always a harmful bacterium. Some are actually crucial to a healthy intestinal tract because this bacterium assists with the production of Vitamin K2 and stops pathogenic bacteria from interacting and establishing inside the intestines (Gould, 2010). A person maybe exposed to E. coli through water or food that maybe contaminated or from raw meat such as ground beef or raw vegetables. Lack of good hygiene is another way that E. coli infections can spread especially in places such as hospitals or day care centers. While a healthy adult with an E.coli infection will most likely recover within five to seven days, those who are at risk include young children, elderly and those with a weak immune system.

The most commonly identified STEC infections in North America are E.coli O157:H7. The diagnosis of E. coli O157: H7 infection needs to be considered for all patients who present with diarrhea, especially bloody diarrhea or Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome which is a type of kidney failure. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome can begin as the diarrhea is improving. It can occur in people of any age but is most common in children under 5 years old and the elderly. Stool specimens should be collected. Specimens should be collected as close to the time of onset of diarrhea as possible; however, specimens taken even weeks after the onset of symptoms are sometimes positive. Antibiotic treatment decreases the chance of recovery of E. coli O157: H7 therefore, when follow- up specimens are being obtained, the patient should have received no antibiotic for a minimum of 48 hours before

Theodor Eschrich, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist, is the individual responsible for discovering this specific organism. During the late 1800’s, while he was studying neonatal and infant fecal flora, Escherich used promising techniques of bacterial isolation in pure culture, fermentation reactions, and Gram staining to identify 19 bacterial species (Donnenberg, 2013) (2). Prior to the establishment of the genus Escherichia, E. coli was known as Bacterium coli commune (Percival, 2014) (3). The colonization of E. coli begins at an early stage of our life and remains with us throughout the course of our life. It is thought that the colonization begins within hours of birth since the initial strains are generally serologically identical to those present in the mother (Donnenberg, 2013). E. coli strains in humans are usually harmless and as a result can coexist with their hosts, therefore are characterized sometimes as a commensal. E. coli plays a role in maintaining healthy conditions for the human gut as well as protection against pathogenic organisms (Donnenberg, 2013). Yet, pathogenicity has been associated with certain strains of E. coli. Diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of child mortality in some regions of the world, and pathogenic E. coli strains are main contributors (Croxen, 2013) (4). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that was tested on ten different biochemical testing procedures. The Escherichia coli culture on the MacConkey agar had growth and experienced fermenting of lactose (color change to yellow). This is an expected result because this agar only grows Gram-negative bacteria so it is a selective media. The bile salts and crystal violet are the agents that make the agar select against Gram- positive species. The pink tint is probably from the precipitation of bile salts. The Bacillus subtillis is a Gram-positive bacterium so it was not supposed to show growth or fermentation, but it showed growth without a color change (no lactose fermentation). This was due to the over streaking of maybe Escherichia coli or Enterococcus durans, which are Gram-negative species. Staphylococcus epidermis had a growth along with a yellow to orange color change. Media too was clear.