Early Repolarization Pattern (ERP) Essay

The ECG is a test that connects wires to the chest and arms displaying the electrical signals of the heart on a monitor. In atrial fibrillation, the monitor will display no discernable, independent P waves, but rather replaced by evident F waves. The QRS complex will vary with R-R intervals and result in a rapid, narrow complex (Goralnick, 2015). The ECG can also provide other information such as presence of bundle-branch block, left ventricle hypertrophy, and prior myocardial infraction (Floyd, 2016). The holter monitor is a portable ECG that is carried around and records 24 hours or more of heart activity to later be interrupted by the doctor. The event recorder is again the portable ECG that is intended to record weeks to months of heart activity and records only if an episode of atrial fibrillation occurs. The echocardiogram is a noninvasive test that shows a video image of the heart originated by sound waves. These images can show if there is any structural damage of the heart. Blood tests are completed to eliminate thyroid issues or other biomarkers in the blood that could be causing the atrial fibrillation (Mayo Clinical Staff, 2015). Positive biomarker results are elevated C-reactive protein and B-type natriuretic peptide

An untrained 22-year-old male human subject was chosen. A PT-104 pulse plethysmograph was wrapped around his dominant (right) index finger. Connected through a IXTA data acquisition unit, heart rate was monitored on LabScribe. The recordings were measured with ten seconds of leeway at the beginning and end to allow baseline pulse recovery. Digital marks labeled the time interval of the described action. First the subject’s heart rate was measured during a resting phase for twenty seconds. He was encouraged to relax and remain inactive in order to confirm an accurate baseline reading. For the apneic condition, the subject repeated this

Table 2. This table shows the recording of the amplitude, period, and BPMs for the ventricular contractions before and the effects of the Warm Ringer’s after.

12 Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) - There are typical changes to the normal pattern of the ECG in a heart attack. Patterns that occur include pathological Q waves and ST elevation (Koutoukidis, Stainton & Hughson 2013, p. 505). However, it is possible to have a normal ECG even if a patient has had a heart attack. The indicators for this test include: suspected myocardial infarction, suspected pulmonary embolism, perceived cardiac dysrhythmias, fainting or collapse, a third heart sound, fourth heart sound, a cardiac murmur or other findings to indicate structural heart disease. The

Parker included collecting cues in 12-lead ECG, blood pressure, potassium level, sodium level, the warmth of hands and feet and pain score (Corrales-Medina et al., 2012). Also, the process involved identifying the risk factors associated with the patient's condition. From the immediate assessment, it included weight, smoking history, history of depression and family history of cardiac conditions (Corrales-Medina et al., 2012). One evening, Mr. Parker slumped on the bed; I monitored the continuous cardiac monitor to determine his heart rhythm. Based on current information, the T wave on the ECG indicated that the ventricles are repolarising (Levett-Jones et al., 2010).

43 percent of alarm conditions indicated non-critical, and “generally non-actionable,” events; 38 percent of alarm conditions indicated premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), which, since a landmark 1988 Cardiac Arrhythmic Suppression Trial (CAST) study, are no longer treated; and 3.6 percent of alarm

Cardiac dysrhythmias come in different degrees of severity. There are heart conditions that you are able to live with and manage on a daily basis and those that require immediate attention. Atrial Fibrillation is one of the more frequently seen types of dysrhythmias (NIH, 2011). The best way to diagnosis a heart condition is by reading a cardiac strip (Ignatavicius &Workman, 2013). Cardiac strips play an chief part in the nursing world allowing the nurse and other trained medical professionals to interpret what the heart is doing. In a normal strip, one can clearly identify a P wave before every QRS complex, which is then followed by a T wave; in Atrial Fibrillation, the Sinoatrial node fires irregularly causing there to be no clear P

Premature beats that occur in the atria are called premature atrial contractions, or (PACs), premature beats that occur in the ventricles are called premature ventricular contractions or (PVCs). Another type of arrhythmia is tachycardia also known as fast heart rate, there are numerous of arrhythmias that fall under this category such as atrial fibliration, which means that the electrical signal don’t begin at the SA node instead they begin near the atria or nearby the pulmonary veins. The electrical signal will spread throughout the atria in a rapid disorganised way causing it to fibrillate hence tachycardia. Another type of tachycardia arrhythmia is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or (WPW) syndrome is a condition in which the heart's electrical signals travel along an extra pathway from the atria to the ventricles. This extra pathway disrupts the timing of the heart's electrical signals and can cause the ventricles to beat very fast and can be life threatening.

7.ECG: To see the evidence of ischemic changes, cardiomegaly suggestive of heart failure or evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Collaborate with your preceptor to interpret your patient’s EKG rhythm and list your patient’s rhythm.  Discuss the implications this patient’s heart rhythm has for circulation.   How does your patient’s specific rhythm impact the physical assessment findings?  What if the rhythm changes:  what would happen if the rhythm became slow, fast, or irregular?  How could these changes manifest in the patient assessment and how would you, as the nurse, proceed?

Supraventricular tachycardia is increase in heart rate over 150 bpm due to do the over firing or redirected firing of the SA Node conduction above the ventricles. With supraventricular tachycardia the patient can have an abrupt onset and termination of rhythm, flattened or retrograde conduction P waves and narrow QRS waves specifically less than 0.08 second (Kyle, 2012).

Atrial Fibrillation is one of the leading causes of death across the globe. (1) AF increases an individual’s risk of stroke by 4 to 6 times on average. (2)(3) The risk increases with age, in people older than 80 years old; AF is the straight cause of 1 in 4 strokes. (3) Even though Atrial Fibrillation can be considered a mild arrhythmia; it is still associated with serious morbidity and mortality. (4)(5) First, it raises the risk of having thromboembolism and stroke, due to blood stasis in the left atrium. Stroke is commonly caused by a thrombus or clot. In patients with AF, the thrombus or clot is usually comes from the left atrial appendage (a small sac in the left upper chamber of the heart). Because stroke in AF patients may be particularly distressing, it is quite important to identify patients who are possibly at high risk before it occurs to them. Second, the irregularly irregular heart beat can cause symptoms palpitations, shortness of breath, anxiety and reduced exercise tolerance in the patient, so it requires medical consideration. Third, Atrial Fibrillation causes a lot of cardiac and hemodynamic changes including decreased myocardial systolic function and cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia. (6)(7) Sometimes AF is identified only with the onset of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA or "mini-stroke"). (8) Whether if it is asymptomatic or symptomatic, AF is a progressive disease, worsening with time and it is accounting for

Regular electrical impulses are sent within the conduction system of the heart prompting contraction (Marieb, 2015). These electrical signals can be identified and documented by the use of an electrocardiography (ECG) machine. In a familiar ECG recording, three waves will occur; The P wave, QRS complex and

In addition, scientists have found that genetics also plays a role in cardiac arrhythmias and that in some cases patients have commented that they had no symptoms before they succumbed to some form of episode of cardiac distress, like a sudden heart attack. This has proven to be standard for many different forms of arrhythmias, whether it’s due to genetics or not. One such case is the long QT syndrome (LQTS) which is estimated to affect one in every 5000 people and is recognized as a family disorder, frequent in children during their childhood years (Wilde, and Bezzina 1352–1358.) Patients with this disorder can have symptoms of a fluttering heartbeat, shortness of breath, and chest pain, while other patients might not experience any symptoms at all (Wilde, and Bezzina 1352–1358.) Another known disorder is cardiac conduction disease, which is mostly due to some form of cardiac injury (Wilde, and Bezzina 1352–1358.) Symptoms for this

Respiratory: Lung sounds are clear on auscultation without rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. Respiration unlabored with