Effects Of Weight Training On Bone Formation

Building denser bones is extremely important for the elderly and especially elderly women. Osteoporosis is the gradual thinning of bone mass and bone density (“Osteoporosis”). Osteoporosis is a very common disease amongst women and it is estimated that approximately 1 out of 5 women in the United States of America over the age of 50 years have Osteoporosis (“Osteoporosis”). At least half of all women over 50 will fracture a major bone such as a hip, spine, arm, or wrist (“Osteoperosis”). Osteoporosis is a very painful, debilitating, and even fatal disease that can be prevented through good diet and most importantly physical activity such as weightlifting. Studies have shown that the risk of Osteoporosis is lower for people who are more active and especially for those who participate in activities such as weightlifting (“Bone Builders”). The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research conducted a study measuring the bone density of athletes and all of the athletes on average had 13% higher bone density than non-athletes; the highest being in athletes who

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

in the development and onset of this disease. Sex hormones, such as estrogen previously mentioned, as well as testosterone in men can help build and maintain healthy bones. When these hormone levels decrease, which is not uncommon in old age, the chance for osteoporosis increase significantly.

In this assignment I will be reviewing the different effects of exercise on the body system including the acute and long term using the pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise physiological data which I collected based on interval and continuous training method. I will also be including the advantages and disadvantages of these, also the participants’ strengths and areas where they can improve on.

The interrelated factors of the female athlete triad are energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density each of which develops along a continuum. Each factor may progress to a point where it is a clinical condition such as an eating disorder. The three factors may be present together and have developed in sequence, low energy availability due to low energy (caloric) intake and high energy expenditure leads to amenorrhea that leads to osteoporosis, although each of these conditions can occur independently of the others. Whether alone or in combination with each other, when energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density are comprimised they represent substantial health risks for the female athlete. Low

In an article written by Kellie Davis in Body Building makes the point of “Postmenopausal women are at a greater risk for osteoporosis because the body no longer secretes estrogen. Resistance training is an excellent way to combat loss of bone mass, and it decreases the risk of osteoporosis.” (Davis). With osteoporosis being a great worry for women of older age, preparing for it by lifting weights to build stronger bones is very smart. Having strong bones before women get to an age where osteoporosis is a risk is very important.

Inter-individual variability in the direction and magnitude of weight change in response to supervised exercise-based interventions has been well documented (Table 1). Even in the highly controlled environment of an isolated experimental station over an 84-day period exercise induced weight loss ranged between 3 and 12 kg [48]. More recent studies showed that certain participants even gain weight in response to supervised exercise interventions [42,49]. Accordingly, changes in fat mass and fat free mass have been shown to vary considerably [36,42]. King et al. showed a roughly 50:50 split between so-called “responders” (i.e. participants who achieve expected weight loss) and “non-responders” (i.e. participants who experience a small amount of weight loss or weight gain) [36]. Other studies indicate that a majority of participants displays some form of compensatory adaptation with a ratio of responders to non-responders of 1:2 [46,49]. Even though there is, most likely, considerable inter-individual variability in metabolic adaptations in response to exercise [42,48], success in weight loss interventions has been largely attributed to behavioral compensation such as a decline in non-exercise PA and/or an increase in energy intake [22,36,46]; in addition to an obvious association with adherence to the exercise protocol. In fact, it has been argued that the individual variability in weight loss can be entirely attributed to the variability in non-exercise PA [46,50].

Osteoporosis is often found in elderly women with low levels of estrogen and calcium. The number of available research based on osteoporosis in women outnumber that of their male counterparts. Little researches have been conducted on the relationship between testosterone levels and osteoporosis in men. In this paper, we will review 5 difference sources to determine if testosterone levels affect the chances of men developing osteoporosis. The following three questions will be answered in this paper: Are women more prone to osteoporosis compare to men due to their low level of testosterone? Is low testosterone the main cause of osteoporosis in men? Is testosterone therapy effective in reducing or cure osteoporosis in men?

The female athlete triad is a health condition in which active women experience three inter-related disorders due to unhealthy body weight and eating habits. In the case of the triad, the word active refers to females who display moderate to high intensity levels of performance. The rate of performance must be high in order to counterbalance the decrease in calorie intake. Females who perform at a high intensity are at risk for the triad since they do not take in enough calories to fulfill the amount expended. The three disorders within the female athlete triad are osteoporosis, disordered eating, and menstrual dysfunction. Not all females experience all three of the conditions, however new data has indicated that even having one or

90% (211) of the subjects enlisted finished the run-in period and were then randomized to an activity gathering. Of those randomized, 155 subjects (74%) finished the examination. A subset of this gathering (119; 77%) had reliable estimations of body structure utilizing a similar methodology for both of the testing time frames. Information from these subjects are incorporated into the present investigation. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA; Statview or SAS Software, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). When the ANOVA was impressionable (P < 0.10), a Fisher's PLSD post hoc analysis was performed to determine differences between groups. The analysis intentionally was restricted to three pairwise comparisons (the AT, RT, and AT/RT exercise groups compared with each other). P < 0.05 was considered significant in post hoc testing. Paired, two-tailed t-tests were used to determine if the post vs. pre score for changes within each group differed (Slentz,2012).

2012) and (Willis, et all 2012). The results of the studies provided great insight on the benefits of both aerobic and resistance training on body composition variables. The methods used to perform the experiments and gather data were similar for some of the studies but varied across the board. In the research study comparing aerobic training in the form of walking with a combination of walking with resistance training, a total of 32 African America women aged 39-61 years participated and yielded results that suggests the intervention can be a successful way to improve physical activity levels and lifestyle of individuals belonging to his group (Hornbuckle, et al 2012). Another study took three groups and implemented a different training program for each; one group performed aerobic exercises while the second group was given a resistance training program to follow, and the third experimental group was a combined effort of aerobic and resistance training (Willis, et al 2012). Another study similar to the previous one listed was an experiment that took three groups, one for aerobic training, one for resistance training, and one for a combination of both, and put them through a training program that lasted a total of eight months. However, these groups had weekly meeting with a dietitian in order to adjusts behavioral and dietary habits, and the participants were provided a prescribed balanced diet that gave them

In research by Weiss (2003) the effects of body size, age, sex, and cross sectional on muscle markers that are commonly used to construct past lifestyles and activity patterns. The research was conducted because

The article by Davitt et al. (2014) was a randomized controlled trial from a Journal of strength and conditioning research to find out the effectiveness of a combined resistance training and endurance exercise. The research was done in order to find out which cycle was better to performed first to achieve the most beneficial changes in strength, weight aerobic fitness and lean body mass. The resistance first combined with endurance (R-E) or endurance first then resistance (E-R).

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate exercises potential effects on cardiopulmonary functions and to determine if differences in gender play a key role in these functions (Cardiopulmonary System 2017). The hypothesis and null hypothesis was used to determine the outcomes of the experiment:

Weight training, decisive for the hormonal stimulation and tightness of muscles whichif they are not used with today's jobs attrofizzano