Effects of a Hypoglycaemic Comapred to a Hyperglycaemic Diet

The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

The purpose of this lab is to gain knowledge and understanding of the scientific principle of RER, using indirect calorimetry to measure caloric expenditure, including the caloric equivalent and to understand the concepts behind estimating oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure from heart rate, including the limitations. In addition the purpose was to learn skills of how to measure and graph the linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 and then determine the regression equation line and to estimate the caloric expenditure from VO2, heart rate, and caloric equivalent values.

P7 – Describe the Three Different Energy Systems and Their Use in Different Sport and Exercise Activities

The average pint contains around 170 calories (NHS, 2015); alongside high calorie pies will lead to James regularly exceeding the recommended 2550kcal (Department of Health, 2008). The excess will be stored as fat in the adipose tissues of the body (Sanders & Emery, 2003). Fat takes longer to metabolise than glycogen as it needs to undergo β-oxidation to release its energy, whereas glucose is metabolised faster through glycolysis (Silverthorn, 2014). This leads to James’ metabolic rate being lower than Ruth’s. This difference is to be expected with age as metabolic rate decreases as the person gets older. However females usually have a lower metabolic rate than males due to more adipose tissue and less lean muscle, demonstrating the difference Ruth’s training has made on her physiological state (Silverthorn, 2014).

RPE is a scale that is used to measure the intensity of the exercise from 1 to 10. Number 1 is being rest and number 10 is being maximal. As Subject A reaches the higher levels, the anaerobic energy system also known as the lactic acid system, now comes interplay which is when Subject a reached its maximum heart rate around 170 at level 4.1 and is being the dominant energy system after ATP-PC system is exhausted. This is so, as it provides energy by the breakdown of glycogen with no oxygen present at a higher rate than that of the aerobic system. In general, the anaerobic systems lasts for 2 to 3minutes at a maximal

Follow the protocol for a possible hypoglycaemic episode. While taking his BGL I would confirm his "feelings" checking for other signs and ask if he had eaten all of his last meal. I would check his notes and confirm his last dose of medication and time given, consulting with the RN if unsure. (Learning Guide states 3.5mmol/L as a hypo).

During intense activites, anaerobic energy is the major contributor for 1 to 3 minutes. Because of intense muscle contractions, there is a limited oxygen supply from the constricted blood vessels.

Carbohydrate intake during exercise performance was normally used in various sports such as cycling, running and also team sports (Febbraio, Chiu, 2000; Tsintzas et al, 1995; Welsh et al, 2002). Athletes could consider a low carbohydrate diet to improve body composition, less stress and faster recovery. Noakes (2014) showed that athletes consumed a low carbohydrate diet managed to ride four minutes longer before reaching exhaustion. A (Nicholas et. al., 1997) study investigated the restoration of high-intensity running capacity following a diet containing additional energy in the form of carbohydrate or fat and protein. However, Hermansen et al (1967) argued that there were high oxidation rates of carbohydrates at 75% of V02

RER can be used to determine the predominant fuel source in energy metabolism. RER is the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced and the amount of oxygen used. An RER of 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant source of fuel, whereas 0.85 indicates a mix of fats and carbohydrates, and 1.00 means carbohydrates are the predominant fuel source. Circadian rhythms cause diurnal oscillations of RER in which lipid oxidation occurs during the fasting

In this metabolic study, eight men and eight women, whom were competitive, healthy cyclists were selected. This crossover study was conducted on four separate days, each time the participants were told to do light exercise the previous day and eat a typical prerace meal one to two hours prior to the experiment. At random each was given one of three carbohydrate supplements (sports

The main purpose of this case study was to figure out what energy systems are being used between a 100 meter sprinter, 800 meter runner, and 10,000 meter distance runner. ATP must be present in order for muscle contraction to occur. An athlete can produce ATP in three diffrent ways, the ATP-PC sytstem, Glycolytic system, and the oxidative system. These 3 systems (ATP-PC,Glycolytic, Oxidative) will have a key role in which race the athlete will be sucessful at.

carbohydrates, and fats. Mild or moderate exercise uses primarily fats as the energy source for

Once samples were obtained they were placed in liquid nitrogen, once ready for testing of the sample the researchers used Real Time PCR and corresponding lab chemicals and procedures to get results of gene expression. In addition to the muscle biopsy they tested VO2 peak, blood glucose and lactose levels, and heart rate exchange. These results were used to analyze fat oxidation. After the nine day exercise bout the initial FA oxidation had increased in the skeletal muscle by 24%. This increase equates to be 4.5 g of oxidized fat.

Carbohydrates and fat are the primary sources of fuel during physical activity. The Daily Value (DV) for carbohydrates based on a 2,000- Calorie diet is a minimum of 60 percent of Calories or more than 300 grams. While it is generally recommended that a meal with substantial amounts of carbohydrate be consumed before physical activity for optimal performance, some argue that a low carbohydrate diet is just as effective, and perhaps more effective for optimal performance.