Episiotomy And Perineal Tear During Delivery

Compared to the general adult population the maternal airway management can be more challenging as changes during pregnancy can increase the difficulty of intubation (Brien and Conlon, 2013). Its makes hard to insert laryngoscope when the patient have a large breast, the chance of bleeding and swelling increases due to oedema and vascularity of the upper respiratory tract, and the patient desaturate quicker as there is increase in oxygen requirements and there is reduced in functional residual capacity (Mushambi et al, 2015). As a result of all the changes during pregnancy, if the problems encountered during the intubation of Mrs D were to happen to an obstetric patient, it is important to provide optimal surgical condition for to progress rapidly while aiming for a good neonatal outcome (Local theatre policy, 2015b). In obstetric patients, much of the issue is about the urgency with which the foetus must be delivered and the surgical operation must be done as quickly as possible - therefore making decisions in the event of certain clinical situations occurring will require a much quicker decision making process because there is an immediate threat to the life of the woman or foetus (Mushambi et al, 2015). This is why emergency obstetric anaesthesia is such a potentially hazardous

When she is examined before the epidural a problem is found. The time it would take for her to sit up and for the epidural to be administered would be too late as she would then have to push.

A commonly known procedure when it comes to hospital births are epidurals. An epidural is an injection of a drug between the “epidural space” which causes

Medical and technological advances in maternal and neonatal care have significantly reduced maternal and infant mortality and medical interventions have become commonplace and arguably routine. Used appropriately, they can be lifesaving procedures. Routine use, without valid indication though, can transform childbirth from a natural physiologic process and family event into a medical or surgical procedure. Every intervention presents the possibility of unwanted effects and subsequent risks that can potentiate more interventions with their own inherent risks (McKinney, 2014).

The debate on if a mother should be medicated or not during childbirth started when women switched from a midwife assisted birth to assisted births by a doctor. Women in the 1760s began seeking doctors to deliver their babies because they were more educated than midwives. Midwife assisted birth, sometimes ended in death of the mother and infant. During this time home birth was still relevant. Midwives believed they were more equipped because they were women. Doctors who at that time were all men believe they were more equipped because they had more education on the anatomy of a woman's body. In the 20th century women started to shift from home births to the hospital to achieve a pain-free childbirth when use of anesthesia became more prevalent. Epidural is the local anesthesia that is used to achieve a pain-free childbirth, it is

The single mother who’s delivery necessitated a surgical incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus was done to prevent any harm to the baby and mother’s health and was undergone without any complications.

Cesarean sections, a surgical procedure to remove the fetus from the mother, have been performed for hundreds of years. Doctors have been turning to cesareans, also known as c-sections, more than ever in last few years[1] to reduce risks that may occur during vaginal birth, such as the baby getting stuck in the vaginal canal, and the tearing of the mother's’ vagina. Although c-sections make the labor process easier, they need to be regulated to reduce postpartum risks for the mother, recovering for months from the surgery, for the baby, asthma, and evolutionary risks, passing down of the gene for narrow hips. The increase in c-sections has brought about issues such as mothers continually getting them after their first child, more women having

Adequate and effective management of perineal pain begins with a comprehensive assessment (Marcus et al, 2009; Breivikl et al, 2008; Dalton et al, 1999). However, Andrews et al, (2008) UK-based study concluded that there is no pain scale to date that has been developed to appropriately and accurately assess the perineal pain that women experience during the postnatal period. This begins to offer explanation as why up to 92% of new mothers endure perineal pain in the early postpartum period (Macarthur and Macarthur, 2004).To further support these findings Way (2012) discovered that women expect perineal pain following vaginal birth but under estimate the severity of the pain. Women will experience high levels of pain before requesting analgesia as they attempt to normalise the pain as a consequence of vaginal delivery (Swain and Dahlen, 2013). Macarthur and Macarthur (2004) conclude that the current management of perineal pain is inadequate as the use of analgesia is not standardised.

A cesarean section is a surgical birthing procedure that requires the doctor to cut through the mother’s abdominal wall to remove the baby and the placenta. According to Kozhimannil (2013), from 1996 to 2011, the rate of cesarean sections increased from 20.7 percent to 32.8 percent. Many situations and circumstances can complicate birth and endanger the life of the mother and baby forcing a cesarean section. The position of the fetus is one of those dangers. The normal position of a fetus before delivery is head-down, in the cephalic position. If the baby is not in that position, vaginal delivery can be deadly for the mother and the fetus. There are a few positions that

As pregnant women, we have to get measured and checked weekly starting between the thirty-forty weeks gestation. My check up at thirty-six weeks indicated my belly was measuring smaller than usual. I had started to worry a few weeks back, but my doctor had not mentioned it, so I did not either. After measuring smaller, I followed up with an ultrasound two days later. The scan took over an hour, and I was finally told my amniotic fluid was dangerously low. The doctor informed me that the risk for the baby was too high, so I had to be induced. My fears set in. My sister being born at twenty four weeks premature, I knew the complications that can arise, such as low birth weight, breathing issues, eating issues, and higher possibility of mental disabilities. With that in mind and fear in my heart I headed to the hospital be induced.

One of the common causes of dyspareunia is virginal dryness (Dean et al., 2014). Vaginal dryness happens due to post partum decrease in circulating estrogen, which can increase in women that are breastfeeding (Dean et al., 2014).

Nurses and doctors were assisting each other during the woman’s surgery, using effective teamwork. I watched closely as Dr. Shelton pierced the skin of her lower abdomen. Shortly, the room got bloody. Midway through the operation, the two doctors looked at one another. “I knew it”, Dr. Shelton whispered. Instantly, I understood what he was talking about, but the questions remained. How and why did this happen? Why would the doctors perform cesarean- section if they knew her womb might be empty? I found out after the surgical procedure that the woman had gone through a false pregnancy.

There are several physical traumas that a baby and expecting mother may endure during childbirth as well as the expecting mother may undergo psychological traumas during and after her pregnancy. In this paper, there will be explanations of the more severe cases the mother may exhibit during and/or after her pregnancy. Information on treatments and recovery of such traumas will be discussed as well as causes and some of the more common birth injuries to the baby will be explored.

Non-induced embryonic or fetal death or passage of products of conception before 20 weeks gestations (Spontaneous Abortion: Merck Manuals)

The film “The Business of Being Born” gave the audience a behind the scenes perspective of giving birth. The film combines interviews with obstetricians, professional midwives, and medical experts while documenting the pregnancies of women who have chosen to natural at home births. The history presented by the film is gruesome and eye-opening. I myself had never really thought of what giving birth entailed. Society and the media taught me that going to the hospital and receiving an epidural was standard procedure; epidurals lessened pain. That was not the case in the film. While one might not describe a natural home birth as a walk in the park, it seemed far less painful and frightening than a hospital birth.