Estrogen Replacement Therapy Research Paper

make the reader aware of: what osteoporosis is, some facts about it, what it affects in

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

Osteoporosis is a major public heath treat for more than 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom are women. In the U.S. today, 10 million individuals

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become weak and fragile. While reading the controversy on page 328 in our books it was interesting to me how this disease affects people more so by their gene, sex, age, and race. What also popped out to me was how later on in life we cannot make up the calcium we failed to take in our younger years. The amount of Calcium and Vitamin D we take as children affects us all the way into our older age. Of course taking Calcium and Vitamin D at any age is better than not taking any at all, but it does not stop osteoporosis it can only slow it down.

The world is rapidly growing, with billions of people present on this planet. Aging in human life is one of the inevitable things. As we grow older there are physical, psychological and social changes that accompany it. There are various diseases that affect these changes; they are osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, type 2 diabetes, alzheimer’s disease and hypertension. This paper is going to focus on osteoporosis a disease that can initially weaken the human body without any indications. Osteoporosis according to WHO is a skeletal disease that is characterized by low bone mass and bone tissue deterioration, which results in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture (Walker, 2010). Although this disease was thought to have

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and the decay of bone fibers resulting in weaker bones; making bones deteriorated and vulnerable to fractures (Sharma and Khandelwal., 2010). Osteoporosis is a disease that affects men and women. According to a study half of the women and one-eighth of the men would suffer from bone fractures caused by osteoporosis during their life span (Anders, Tuner, and Freeman, 2013). Osteoporosis turns into a considerable health problem mainly for women after menopausal years; as women aged their Bone Mineral Density (BMD) decreases as the risks of bone fractures increase (Mendoza-Romo et al., 2014). Why are women at risk of developing osteoporosis? Bone health is directly

Osteoporosis is the most common disease of the skeletal system that points out a decreased bone mass and as a result produces an augmented risk of fractures which identify the main cause of clinical disease. Often, it is called the silent disease because bone loss occurs silently, gradually and without symptoms until the first fracture originates. Worldwide, osteoporosis is seen as a global health problem affecting more than 200 million people (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014). Specifically, 1 in 3 women over age 50 suffer bone fractures in contrast to 1 in 5 men (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014). Of course, the prevalence of broad scope of osteoporosis is higher in women who represent 80%. On the

A woman's body goes through a lot of changes after her period stops completely. The hormone levels in the body start to drop to a much lower amount. The woman starts to experience those changes which might include hot flashes and a number of other menopausal symptoms. Hormonal replacement treatments are used to end the problems that the menopausal woman complains about. Generally, the hormone replacement treatment consist of estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is a very important hormone that helps keep bones strong. Progesterone is generally combined with estrogen to form an effective hormone replacement treatment for the menopausal woman.

The idea of using large doses of estrogen to permanently seal the epiphyseal, or growth plates began in the 1940’s and 1950’s. It was originally used to treat children with acromegaly, or excessive growth disorder caused by the pituitary gland producing excessive growth hormone, GH.(6) When the growth plates are closed at an early age it can reduce a height by several inches. In 2006, the intentions of this type of treatment drastically changed. Douglas Diekema, who was the director of education at the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics at the Seattle Children’s Hospital, and Daniel Gunther, a endocrinologist, announced  in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine a new use of estrogen therapy. This time though, it was for

Pain is experienced in many ways: physical, pain that can be chronic or acute, emotional, such as depression, or even phantom pains, which is the perception of pain in a missing limb (Jenni Ogden, 2012). Everyone feels pain in a different way. Some people perceive pain in a more intense manner than others do, while some are not as susceptible and remain unaffected. There are a few factors that go into how people bear it. Estrogen is believed lower the ability of a subject to handel pain. Transgender males to females are reported to have a heightened sensitivity to stimuli and a decrease in tolerance when faced with painful situations. The reverse is also true, transgender females to males injected with testosterone are reported to have

Osteoporosis is a non communicable disease that causes bones to become weaker. i have chosen to write about this disease because i have 2 family members that have been diagnosed with it, both of them being my grandmothers. Whall i know the symptoms of the disease i never actually knew much of anything as to why it happens, who it happens to, and what can be done about it so i was happy to pick osteoporosis as the subject of my paper.

Osteoporosis is a major problem and accounts for about 1.5 million fractures in the United States every year. It also accounts for about 500,000 hospitalizations, 800,000 trips to the emergency room, 2.6 million trips to the doctor’s office and about 180,000 people being placed into nursing homes. This is such a costly disease that it currently reports costing Americans about 18 billion dollars each year.

Early studies on estrogen set out to research why women live longer than men. It was believed that it was due to the difference in hormone levels between the two. In previous years it has been common for women to take estrogen as a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) when they reached menopause. Several studies were showing that estrogen had all of these beneficial effects such as protection against ischemia disease, and acting as a vasodilator by opens up blood vessels to name a few. Therefore, it was believed that estrogen does something beneficial to the cardiovascular system that causes women to live longer. This was contradicted in 2002 when women in the WHI trial who were on HPT had a higher risk for heart attack and stroke. Researchers then set out to find out what was going on with the hormone to produce two effects. Dr. White and others started to study the direct affect of estrogen on the coronary arteries. This research is so important because heart disease is the number one killer. Its medical relevance is crucial to women and men because both have these hormones present in their bodies. It needs to be known whether are not this hormone has a harmful or helpful role in this disease. His initial studies showed that introduction to concentrations of estrogen caused pig arteries to dilate. He believed this occurred because estrogen has two targets, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which both express receptors for estrogen.

Biologically, sex is determined by chromosomes, (XX = female and XY = male). That is primarily how one is determined male or female. However, Daniela Crocetti (2013), argues that chromosomes are not the only determining factor, that instead some people can be born with an imbalance in their hormone and testosterone system, this imbalance attributes to qualities that are more commonly seen in the opposite sex. This trait is most commonly seen through transexuals. Hormonal therapy is an option for those who experience these certain types of imbalances, it focuses on the “gendered presentation of the body and behavioral components…”. As a result, the therapy tends to make one feel “like how they're supposed to feel”. However, what if one prefers

I agree that the CTV video brought a good point when Dr Jiwa talked about prevention from an early age. It is common to think that osteoporosis is a normal part of aging, while it’s important to be aware of the fact that osteoporosis is a preventable and treatable disease, and It is never too early to take care of our bones.