Ethyl-2-Diphenylethene Lab Report

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Introduction This experiment was undertaken in order to create stilbene dibromide. Bromine is added through electrophilic addition in attacking the double bond. This experiment was also executed to determine the stereochemistry of this addition reaction, whether it created meso products or d,l products. Data and Results Initially, 0.9 grams of stilbene were added to the solution.

Samples of benzophenone, malonic acid, and biphenyl were each tested with water, methyl alcohol, and hexane. Benzophenone was insoluble in water as it is nonpolar while water is highly polar. Benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol, dissolving in 15 seconds, because methyl alcohol is intermediately polar as benzophenone is nonpolar. Methyl alcohol is polar but not as much as water. Thus, the nonpolar benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol. Benzophenone was partially soluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar as is benzophenone. Thus, benzophenone was dissolved in hexane. Malonic acid was soluble in water because both malonic acid and water are polar. It took 25 seconds for malonic acid to dissolve in water. Malonic acid was soluble in methyl alcohol because malonic acid is polar and methyl alcohol is intermediately polar, allowing malonic acid to dissolve in the methanol in 15 seconds. Malonic acid was insoluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar while malonic acid is polar. Biphenyl was insoluble in water as water is highly polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar. Biphenyl was partially soluble in methanol which is intermediately polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar, allowing it to dissolve a little. Biphenyl was soluble in hexane because both biphenyl and hexane are nonpolar molecules. Biphenyl dissolved in hexane in 10 seconds.

In this lab, we were introduced a new tool called Dip Trace. We were asked to create a simple schematic and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) by using DipTrace.

Hydrogen Peroxide, otherwise know as H₂O₂ is the simplest of all the peroxide chemicals known to man. Hydrogen Peroxide is base that is used in many reactions to create other more complex peroxides, it is used as an oxidizing reactant in these cases. It is created in 4 steps. Step 1, Palladium catalyses the reaction between H₂ and anthraquinone to create anthrahydroquinone (H₂Q):

Looking at the data we can say the seeds are behaving in the expected manner. After measuring the data the stems of the seeds grown in dim light condition has an average length of 4.42cm and the seeds that where grown in full light condition has an average length of 2.42cm. After measuring the lengths of the stems, the mass of the entire cotyledon was measured in an analytical balance; comparing the difference between average lengths of stems and average mass of both condition in which they were grown it’s not very high. The average mass of cotyledon grown in full light condition is 33.5mg and the one grown in dim condition is 27.8mg. The last measurement that was taken is of cotyledon mass as it was hypostasized before the mass of cotyledons

Diphenhydramine (DPH) is a well known first-generation histamine H1-receptor antagonist, commonly used in humans allergic diseases treatments. Its usefulness is principally related with a decrease of histamine effect produced during the hypersensibility reaction. In addition to this effect, DPH has others molecular targets as muscarinic receptors, this fact explains most of its side effects.

PPV, otherwise known as polyphenylene vinylene are electric conductors that processed into tiny films which emit a bright fluorescent yellow light which could potentially be a replacement for LEDS in electronics. PPV is prepared from p-xylene-bis and the addition of acetonitrile-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate and from there, the product is treated with heat to eliminate diethyl sulfide, HCL, and ethyl sulfide to form the final product, PPV. Similarly, another method, called direct chemical polymerization, formed PPV but it was only in the form of powder which could not be turned into tiny films for commercial use. In lab, we learned that PPV precursor can be synthesized in a one step reaction from p-xylene using NBs. In the reaction with

The Altera DE2 and DE1-Soc boards both provide a 50MHZ clock signal. This translates into performing

Para-xylene belongs to a family of aromatic hydrocarbons of industrial importance and can be polymerized to obtain parylene or as a starting point to the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate, among other uses. The ability to measure and control its concentration in equilibrium with its o- and m- isomers is therefore of great importance (Fig. 1).

2.10. MTT Assay 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) is a yellow water soluble tetrazolium salt. A mitochondrial enzyme in living cells, succinate-dehydrogenase, cleaves the tetrazolium ring, converting the MTT to an insoluble purple formazan. Therefore, the amount of formazan produced is directly proportional to the number of viable cells.

The heat of combustion is known as the amount of energy (that is released as heat)

The topic of the investigation is equilibria of weak acids, using ethanoic acid. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the relationship between temperature and the equilibrium/dissociation constant of weak acids, by calculating the K_a value of ethanoic acid at various temperatures.

One mL of water was placed in each two test tubes. The samples, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride, were added separately to the test tubes by placing ten drops of each sample. A warming effect was noted from the reaction. The resulting mixtures were divided into two portions. To the first portion, an amount of one mL of 2% silver nitrate (AgNO3) was added. The formation of precipitate was observed. To the second portion, one mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and the evolution of gas was noted.

In ortho substituted compounds, the lone pair of electrons on two atoms influences each other through space interactions and changes the vibrational frequencies of both the groups.