Sugar-cane is harvested by either manual labour or industrial harvesters before being transported to a sugar mill. At the mill the sugarcane is grinded and crushed in water with a ratio of 1:4 to create a pulp-juice. The juice is then heated to around 110OC and then sulfuric acid is then added to this pulp before being filtered out. This process is repeated with a higher concentration of sulfuric acid. This process ensures that all unwanted inorganics on the juice are turned into a solid precipitate, which are removed.
The juice is then combined with molasses, which is made from refining sugarcane, to form a solution with ~15% sucrose and then it is fermented. Yeast is combined with the solution in order to catalyze the reaction:
First, the sucrose is broken down into glucose:
C12H22O11 + H2O →Invertase (a derivative of yeast) → 2 C6H12O6
Then, the glucose is fermented: C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Because fermentation is an exothermic reaction, constant heating is required in order for the temperature to remain at fermentation reactions. This fermentation reaction yields only a weak ethanol solution due to the fact that at ~15% v/v the yeast will be poisoned by the alcohol, ceasing the reaction. It is because of this that most fermentation plants use a continuous reactor, which constantly replaces the ethanol and yeast.
The acquired ethanol is then distilled to produce a much higher concentration of ethanol.
i. Outline the effects of using ethanol and ethanol-petrol fuel
8) One package of active dry yeast was added to the bottle labeled ‘10 mL sugar’ and solution was swirled by rod gently.
From the graph, R2 can be extrapolated from the y-axis and the corresponding value on the x-axis (the point of intersection on the curve) gives the concentration of the unknown solution.
Enzymes react differently under different conditions and concentrations, being the most productive at the enzymes specific optimum condition and concentration. The enzyme sucrase, extracted from yeast, breaks down the complex sugar sucrose into the simple sugar glucose. Testing for sucrase’s optimum environment, multiple reactions were ran using varying amounts and concentrations of sucrose and sucrase at different pHs and temperatures. The product was then treated with Benedicts solution to visually observe what amount of glucose was present after the reaction was ran; negative results being little to no glucose present and positive results being
Abstract: This lab’s purpose was to see how different levels of yeast, distilled water, and sugar interact to affect the level of carbon dioxide evolved in fermentation. In this experiment we had two sections. The first section tested four test tubes with varying levels of yeast, glucose and distilled water for evolved carbon dioxide levels. The tubes were timed for 20 minutes. The amounts of solution in the test tubes are noted in the methods section of this lab report. The second section of the lab used three test tubes and flowed the same procedure except added spices. The levels of ingredients are also in the methods section. The main goal of this experiment was to see the effects of yeast concentration.
This lab investigates the effects of Sucrose concentration on cell respiration in yeast. Yeast produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 as a byproduct of anaerobic cellular respiration, so we measured the rate of cellular respiration by the amount of CO2
Determining the effect of varying sucrose concentration on the rate of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts
This corn starch gets processed by the enzyme glucose isomerase so that a high majority of its glucose is transformed into fructose. Then corn syrup is produced.
The purpose of this memo is to reflect on the Instructions Assignment I completed on the process of making syrup from sugar cane.
Beyond the microbrewery, a growing number of households are using fermentation techniques that preserve fruits and vegetables all year long, without the use of electricity. Long before the advent of refrigeration, ancient food preservation techniques, one being fermentation, were utilized to make fruits and vegetables safe for consumption available long after the growing season had ended. It is still used by many cultures today to produce crunchy pickles, tangy fruit chutneys and zesty sauerkraut. Essentially, it is a metabolic process that converts the starches and sugars found naturally in vegetables and fruits into food preserving alcohols and gases, which hinders the growth of harmful bacteria while encouraging the reproduction of beneficial
At the end of distillation it is possible to obtain an ester product with low purity. Low purity occurs as the result of excess water collected with the distillate. Thus, in order to increase purity, distillation should be undertaken with a great deal of
Cellular respiration is a process that happens in all living eukaryotic cells. What cellular respiration does is turn food often carbohydrates into energy for our bodies. Cellular respiration starts with a carbohydrates sugar called glucose. What it does is alter and break down the six carbon molecule glucose and altering it creating two three carbon molecules called pyruvic acids in an anaerobic process called glycolosis (Cellular respiration). What this process does is create two ATP molecules which are basically molecules which provide energy to run all cellular processes in our bodies (king). However, from here in the process can turn aerobic, meaning using oxygen if present or anaerobic meaning when oxygen is not present in a
The temperature of the water that the test tubes sit in is another controlled variable. This is because temperature is known to affect rate of fermentation. This can be controlled by using the same water bath to heat all 6 test tubes.
In conducting the experiment, four test tubes were set up; each containing 3 mL of distilled water, and 0.3 grams of baker’s yeast measured on a digital scale. The three independent variables tested were milk, starch, and sucrose. Milk is composed of the disaccharide lactose, along with unsaturated fats, and vitamins A and D. Starch, is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of its monomer glucose. Lastly, sucrose, also a disaccharide, consists of one glucose molecule, and one fructose molecule. 0.3 grams of each were measured on a digital scale, and put into separate test tubes, along with a control tube that contained only water and yeast.
Sugar has played an important cultivation role in the world. Sugarcane can grow up to 15 feet,with leaves at the top and hollow stalk filled with a sweet juice or sap from which sugar can be extracted. It grows best in warm climate, and also requires a lot of water. Then it is ready for harvesting after 10 to 20 months. Sugarcane was originally domesticated in New Guinea around 8,000 BCE. The extraction and purifying technology techniques were developed by people who were living in India. After the domestication, its cultivation spread rapidly to Southeast Asia and Southern China. The process of refining cane juice into
The sweet, milky solution is sterilised at a high temperature for a short time, destroying any bacteria that may be present. This process is called UHTST (Ultra Heat Treatment, Short Time). The solution is then transferred to a 6,000-litre fermentation tank via a closed system of pipes and valves.