Fiber Optic Communication Systems and Introduction to SONET/SDH (December 2014) Pravalika Nagulapally, (012600326)
Abstract— This paper explains about the Evolution of fiber optic networks in Communications. It describes in detail about the Optics communication model and also detailed MATLAB work on calculating the parameters that are required to setup a optical link. It also emphasizes on different bands employed in Communication systems. The section three of the paper describes briefly regarding Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The SONET networks topology and their hierarchy is also described in this paper. The data rates of Sonet/Sdh and the optical market highlights are described at
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Fiber optic communications systems are light wave systems that employ optical fibers for information transmission.
Fig. BL vs Year
A commonly used figure of merit for communication systems is the bit rate distance product. (BL), where B is the bit rate and L is the repeater spacing. Figure shows that the BL product has increased with technical advances.
II. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Modern fiber-optic communication systems generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical fiber, a cable containing bundles of multiple optical fibers that is routed through underground conduits and buildings, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the signal as an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital information generated by computers, telephone systems, and cable television companies.
Figure shows a generic block diagram of an optical communication system. It consists of a transmitter, a communication channel and a receiver. Optical communication systems can be classified into two broad categories.
Fig:Optical Communication System
Guided: Guided lightwave systems: The optical emitted by the light source remains confined.
Unguided: The optical beam emitted spreads out in space.
A.Transmitters:
The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. The difference
‘Electronic communication’ = a communication of information in the form of data, text or images (s 3(1)(a)).
Networks are the essential Components of communication system. The systems are used to transmit and receive signals. Telecommunication is the interaction between two people or two points. By using PSTN, PABX, LAN and PSTN to send and receive the messages, it does not require any geographical locations (Dias, 2007). Once there is an understanding of the advantages can be identified the advanced communication system using the types of networks
The _________ is a term for the device or unit that receives the information transfer.
Communications operation allows the functions of input, output, storage and processing to be completed from a distant area. Two examples of communications would be modem and wireless router.
communicating over. It could be a modem, a network card, a radio transmitter, or a router.
reader how the internet connection useful to the nowadays. The author provides to the audience by a
There is a wide range of communications technology that is used by the Public Services. Every Public Service uses some form of technological equipment as it is vital to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently. Depending on what job they are required to do, they will use different types of technological equipment. Communications technology being, The Police National Computer, Roaming network, Radios, Cormorant digital voice, Local Area Network and Satellite communications.
Copper will do just fine. Obviously fiber optics will be the better choice, but “beggars can’t be choosers”
Held, G. (1999). Data communications networking devices: Operation, utilization, and LAN and WAN internetworking. Chichester: Wiley.
The military has many uses for electromagnetic waves. They use it in the kitchen all the way to the battlefields. They use radio waves for seeing the damage that space dust could make. They use microwave radiation for cooking. They use Infrared waves for looking for enemies. They also use visible light to send streams of data. Two more waves are X-Rays and gamma rays. X-Rays are used for looking through other objects. Gamma rays are used for explosives.
Chapter 15 is broken into three different sections; Interference, Diffraction, and Lasers. Throughout the chapter there are various real world examples. This chapter introduces the vocabulary words: coherence, path difference, order number, diffraction, resolving power, and laser. There are inphase and outphase.
Topology: The current network was able to mix different speeds to match departmental needs. The physical topology in use is linear bus topology which also translates to a logical bus topology. The cable in use being Thicknet gives extended length allowance which is 500meters for a given segment and 2500 meters total cable
With today’s science, light becomes more specifically perceived as a spectrum. The specific name for this spectrum is the electromagnetic spectrum, which contains many types of waves (NASA, Electromagnetic Spectrum). In Figure 2, the spectrum shows a variety of wavelengths with specific wavelengths classified by its length. The range of wavelengths humans can see wavelengths that are around 400 – 700 nanometers (nm) as colors while all other electromagnetic waves are simply blind to humans. The interesting classes for light that are used to measure are microwave and infrared light. The laser is
One of the most interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been proved in
Fibers referred to as single mode are most often used for the longer distance transmissions. Multi mode fibers are used in applications requiring less distance. They are less expensive than single-mode fibers and accept light from a larger variety of sources and from different angles. Single-mode fibers are smaller in diameter than are multi-mode and are particular both about the type of light they will accept and the angle at which it can be introduced. They typically accept light only when it is directly input to the axis of the fiber. This ability requires special light sources such as lasers and