Fluoroquinolones Essay

Clinafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the quinolone carboxylic acid category that inhibits both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV dually in Streptococcus pneumonia. Clinafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is currently in development for oral and intravenous therapy of serious infections.

Fluoride Fluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and water supplies. The fluoride ion comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13th most abundant element in the earth's crust, is never encountered in its free state in nature. It exists only in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound. Fluoride is effective in preventing and reversing the early signs of tooth decay.

Contraindications for ceftazidime include patients with cephalosporin or cephamycin hypersensitivity. In patients with penicillin hypersensitivity, caution should be exercised when administering this drug. Cross-reactivity can occur due to the similar structures or penicillin and ceftazidime. Cross-reactivity has been documented in approximately 3-7% of patients with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity. Allergic reaction can range from mild to fatal, and those with severe reactions to penicillin should not be given this drug. Discontinue the use of ceftazidime if an allergic reaction occurs (6). Pseudomembranous colitis has been associated with all antibacterial agents, including ceftazidime, and may be life-threatening. The administration of an antibacterial causes changes in the normal flora in the colon, and may allow overgrowth of Clostridia. Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile has been identified as the primary cause of antibacterial-associated colitis. Caution should be taken when administering ceftazidime in patients with a history of GI disease. If a patient presents diarrhea after treatment with antibiotics, then a diagnoses of pseudomembranous colitis should be considered. Discontinue the use of ceftazidime if diarrhea occurs (6). Another rare adverse effect includes a decrease in prothrombin activity. This may cause bleeding and should be administered with caution in patients with a diagnosed coagulopathy. Ceftazidime must be used with

“Failure to respond to all available conservative treatment options including activity modification (e.g., restriction of athletic pursuits and avoidance of symptomatic motion), pharmacological intervention (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDS]), injections of local anesthetics into the joint) and physiotherapy”

Injecting medicine (steroids) into the tendon sheath to reduce swelling and irritation. Injections may need to be repeated.

Ciprofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotics inhibit topoisomerases, such as DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Saunders). DNA gyrase is involved in an essential part of DNA replication, relieving supercoiling of separated DNA strands. Inhibiting DNA gyrase, interrupts DNA replication and repair, and therefore, inhibits cell division. Topoisomerase IV is involved in the separation of chromosomes when DNA replication is completed, so interrupting topoisomerase IV also has

Tendons are tough, flexible, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones and when tendons become inflamed, irritated, or suffer microscopic tears, the condition is called tendonitis. Patellar Tendonitis is a condition affecting the tendon that stretches across the front of the kneecap down to the middle shin. Ackerman and Renstrom stated that “recent findings demonstrate that Tendonitis is characterized by a fibrotic, failed healing response associated with pathological vessel and sensory nerve ingrowth” (2012). This type of condition is most common among sports that involve a large amount of jumping such as basketball or volleyball. While those sports are the most common afflicted by tendonitis, it is not limited to only jumping

To conclude this paper, the Achilles tendon is one of the largest tendons in the body. Its actually the most commonly injured tendon among athletes, and affects men from the ages of 30 to 50 years old. The Achilles tendon is rich in blood vessels and is very vascularized. Because the tendon is very limited in blood supply it, makes it more susceptible to injuries. Some of those injuries include an Achilles tendon rupture among others. All of a sudden an athlete’s life is turned upside down, as they try to figure out ways for a fast and speedy recovery, just so they can get back in the sport. However, studies show that when an athlete has Achilles tendinitis, they should go seek medical help immediately, and do what the doctor advise. What

Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with broad spectrum antibacterial activity [9] as topical agent It is used in the treatment of multiple inflamed acne lesions. It shows bactericidal activity against propionibacterium acne and other gram passitive and gram negative bacteria. It is poorly soluble in water with a log p of 2.47. Liposomal system is most useful for treatment of acne as it improves the skin attachment and consequently enhances the accumulation of antibacterial agent in the target area[11]. Maximum amount of drug encapsulation helps in maximum penetration of drug and producing a sustain release effect at the site. [12]

Adverse reactions to drugs are common and almost any drug can cause an adverse reaction.

In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

The feature of fluorine has delayed to develop since it has a feature of reactivity that eats away the normal react container. This has paused on a development of discovery of fluorine but during the WW2 (1939-1945), America begun to deal a huge quantities of uranium trifluoride in order to develop the atomic bomb. From this point, the fluorine started to develop rapidly than the period time when it has no commercial productions of

bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other patients

Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir Alexander Fleming's careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to infectious diseases. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek word anti ("against") and bios ("life").