Frog Anura Lab Report

All organisms have different digestive systems, respiratory systems, and circulatory systems. They all need to digest their food, breathe, and circulate their blood, but how do they do it? You will learn how the Human Body, Crayfish, Earthworm, and Frog do those things, and what the similarities and differences are.

In the fetal pig, the heart was enclosed in a pericardial cavity, with the right and left lungs on each side of it (Freeman, et. al). The mediastinum, which includes the pericardium, the esophagus, the trachea, and other structures separates the thoracic cavity into right and left sides (Field, pg. 11). The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity, where the digestive and urinary systems are located (Field p. 11). As we worked through the dissection we were able to observe each organ system individually and look deeper into all of the anatomical structures that play a role in its function.

On the Monday of May 23rd, the group were asked to turn the mink over to do a cut from the neck to mid back and skinned it. After skinning the mink, classes were required to names the muscles. Wednesday of May 25th, groups were required to take out the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and big intestine from the mink and measured it. To make the lab easier, groups were suggested to take the liver. Slowly through the lab, students took the digestive system out to study and named as well as know the functions to them. The functions are similar to human function of digestive

Have you ever contemplated about the differences between a human and an animal’s body system or even more interesting, the anatomies of any two animals? Most important, people can explore how an animal sustains and grows itself. Also, you are able to learn animal management, which is useful for people working in a range of industries. Additionally, a body system consists of various organs which work together to carry out a special job, which is vital to living a healthy life. Most important, researching the anatomies of both, pigs and frogs, every system has its own composition of organs, functions, and its own purpose.

All organisms in the world have a range of systems and organs in their body. Some organisms may share similar body systems while others have absolutely nothing in common. Several of those organisms include humans, pigs, crayfish, and earthworms. From their mushy, gushy organs to their soft, gentle skin, you may think, “How are humans and pigs possibly alike? Or a crayfish and an earthworm?” In many ways they may not be, but in other ways, they are very much alike. The body systems that will be compared and contrasted of these organisms are the nervous, circulatory, reproductive, muscular, integumentary, digestive, excretory, and skeletal systems.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

All the animals I will be discussing have an anus and mouth because they all contain a complete digestive system. A closed circulatory system is a system that has blood closed within the vessels and does not fill the body cavities. The open circulatory system describes a system where blood and interstitial fluid can mix in with an organism. Interstitial fluid is just the fluid found between cells in the body (Study.com). The perch, chordate and fetal all contain a closed circulatory system, but the starfish differs it has an open circulatory

[Today in class we participated in a pig dissection, we worked in groups of two. The objective of this assignment was to recap what we learned about the body's organs. The organs we were instructed to cut out the pig were the large and small intestine, lungs, kidneys, heart, stomach, liver, bladder and reproductive which was the ovaries for my partner and I because we had a female pig. Once we took the organs out the pig we had to place and label the organs on white construction paper. Our instructor informed us to receive extra points we needed to cut out the brain and the both eyeballs.

Gas exchange is a bodily process in which gases are carried to and from specific organs designated for respiratory demands. In amphibians this process is essential to proper metabolic function (Amarasekare & Coutinho, 2014). One such amphibians, Rana pipiens, also known as leopard frogs, have two unique processes in which gas exchange occurs. The leopard frog is equipped with lungs which completes respiration in the blood. This process is aided by the Pulmocutaneous artery. This is an arch located next to the three-chambered heart which supplies the blood to the lungs, averts deoxygenated away from the heart to both the lungs and the skin of the frog. In this process the artery branches into two separate arteries. The first branch is called the Pulmonary artery.

When the external observations were completed, the first incision was commenced. In order to reach the internal organs of the fish a rectangular cut was made which first started from the anus to the pelvic fin, then the incision was made from the ends of the previous cuts upwards to the lateral line. When the cut was finished, Yellow fluid started coming out of the fish, this is primarily water that has been in the fish and started to change color. After the yellow fluid stopped flowing out, a closer examination of the rectangular piece was studied. From the piece, there were three layers. They were the scales, muscles, which were very flaky, and at certain points, the bones. The internal organs were then visible. The first organs that were seen were part of the digestive system. The digestive system a series of organs that break down and absorb nutrients from the material they’ve eaten . These organs were the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the previously talked about part which were in the external observation, the anus. There were of course other parts of the digestive system, but however, these parts would later be found when a second incision will be made. The stomach, intestine, and anus were all connected. The stomach was located above the pelvic fin and below the lateral line, it appeared to be a tannish sack. The stomach’s job is to receive food from the pharynx, it can expand to fit the needed size for food to pass through. Within

Throughout this investigation, several assumptions were made to make the process of calculations easier. Firstly, it was assumed that the distribution of the weight of the Freddo Frogs was normally distributed. In addition to this, it was assumed that each of the Freddo Frogs was produced through the same machine, this way the amount of random errors would be reduced in the production of the Freddo Frog. However, if any systematic errors were to occur, then it would go unnoticed as the Freddo Frogs would all have similar masses. Thus, affecting the results produced through this investigation. In addition to this, it was assumed that the Freddo Frogs were weighed correctly, however, there may have been some systematic errors that could have occurred, which would produce inaccurate and

Toe pad morphology in frogs is very similar in all frogs, even between arboreal and terrestrial species. The Litoria caerulea, commonly referred to as the Australian green tree frog, is an arboreal species. Its toe pad morphology consists of a hexagonal array of flat-topped epithelial cells that have mucus-filled channels inbetween.15 The toe pads of fully grown frogs are often larger, and are subdivided into middle and outside regions by large grooves that also fill with mucus.15 Although the toe pad as a whole is soft and easily deformable, the epithelium itself is stiffer in feel. In one study of toe pad morphology, nine toes from each frog, four from the front and five from the back were studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and

for the digestive and respiratory systems. It is there that the trachea goes to the lungs and the esophagus goes to the stomach. The pharynx prevents horses from being able to vomit or breathe from their mouths. The esophagus is a 5 foot long tube filled with muscles that squeezes the food down to the stomach. The wave motion that transports the food only moves down, which is another reason that the food cannot come back up.

The skin is composed of thin membranous tissue that is quite absorbent to water and contains a large group of blood vessels. The thin membranous skin is allows the respiratory gases to readily diffuse directly down their gradients between the blood vessels and the surroundings. When the frog is out of the water, mucus glands in the skin keep the frog moist, which helps absorb dissolved oxygen from the air.

This is the “muscle – bone preparation” you will use for your muscle physiology experiments. Connect the femur to the femur clamp as shown in VI. Steps IV, V and VI can be done concurrently.