Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic is a term used to identify a new trend of quantifying partial truths. One disadvantage of most rule sets that they cannot process inconsistent data. Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional logic that has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, being values that lie between "completely true" and "completely untrue". Dr. Lotfi Zadeth of UC/Berkley first introduced it in the 1960s as a means of modeling the uncertainty of natural language.
All this works by using expanding on Boolean logic and the concept of subsets. In classical set theory, a subset X of a set Y can be defined as a mapping from the elements of Y to the elements of the set (0,1), X: Y --* (0,1). This mapping can be
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Frequently, the mapping is described as a function, the membership function of F. The degree to which the statement x is in F is true is determined by finding the ordered pair whose first element is x. The degree of truth of the statement is the second element of the ordered pair.
To understand this graphically, lets use a Zadeh example that measures tallness. In this case the set S (the universe of discourse) is the set of people. We define a fuzzy subset TALL, which will answer the question "to what degree is person x tall?" Zadeh describes TALL as a linguistic variable, which represents our cognitive category of "tallness". To each person in the universe of discourse, we have to assign a degree of membership in the fuzzy subset TALL. The easiest way to do this is with a membership function based on the person's height. The following figure is how to define this using a graph.
Fig. 1
tall(x) = { 0, if height(x) * 5 ft., (height(x)-5ft.)/2ft., if 5 ft. *= height (x) *= 7 ft., 1, if height(x) * 7 ft. }
A graph of this looks like:
1.0 + +------------------- | / | /
0.5 + / | / | /
0.0 +-------------+-----+------------------- | | 5.0 7.0
height, ft. -*
Person Height degree of tallness
1. True or false: Both chambers of Congress allow a member to speak for an unlimited time on the floor.
What kind of tribe is the Eneon? We do not have much information about this tribe as the anthropologists had just found out their existence. We only have limited information we received from the anthropologists. The information are based on the environment and climate they live in, the food they eat, their family and children, books and arts and their social aspect and attitudes toward war that the Eneon tribe are live in.
Evaluates a condition and returns one value if the condition is true and a different value if the condition is false.
Boolean-Boolean is a part of large algebra that is used for creating a true or false, Yes or no statement. A Boolean can be written in algorithm and coding.
Information is data that has been processed so that it has meaning and value to a recipient,
Data comprises of factual information. Data are the facts from which information is derived. Data is not necessarily informative on its own but needs to be structured, interpreted, analysed and contextualised. Once data undergoes this process, it transforms in to information. Information should be accessible and understood by the reader without needing to be interpreted or manipulated in any way.
In mathematics, function is defined as a relationship, or more of a correspondence between the set of input values and the set of output values. Also, a rule is involved, or as it may be referred to, a ‘set of ordered pairs’ that assigns a unique output for each of the input. The output correspondence is usually defined as f and the output is x. The correspondence is denoted as f(x). All functions are mainly defined by two factors, as was mentioned before, set of inputs - which are called arguments; and outputs - which
Decisions! Decisions! Decisions! How do you make decisions? Have you ever asked yourself, “How did I make that decision?” Whether big or small, important or not so important, decision making is a process. Some people way the pros and cons while others may just flip a coin. Are decisions based on feelings, outcomes or information? Often times if we just go with our gut feeling will be miss out on important information that should be included in our decision.
With the increased and widespread use of technologies, interest in data mining has increased rapidly. Companies are now utilized data mining techniques to exam their database looking for trends, relationships, and outcomes to enhance their overall operations and discover new patterns that may allow them to better serve their customers. Data mining provides numerous benefits to businesses, government, society as well as individual persons. However, like many technologies, there are negative things that caused by data mining such as invasion of privacy right. This paper tries to explore the advantages as well as the disadvantages of data mining. In addition, the ethical and global issues regarding the use of data mining
Decision making can be described as a process of making a decision or decisions, based on choices made amongst two or more competing course of actions. The ‘Decision making’ also requires making a define choice between two or more alternatives course of actions that are available.
We have to think about the qualitative factors that are involved in our decision making too. In the decision making process, as we saw in a case called The Nancy M. Hohman, we saw that many times the numbers will not speak louder than our personal preferences. The Nancy M. Hohman was a less than one year old ship, worthy US$ 40 million, carrying 200,000 tons of crude oil and 28 crew members and had an engine malfunction 9 miles way off the coast of South Africa. However, Port Elizabeth (the nearest one) was too small for the ship and the next close one was 380 miles away.
The decision is to select an action among a number of actions that solves a given problem, that prevents a problem from happening, or that forces to apply new ideas for development. The need for understanding decision making process is increasing because the complexity of modern organizations is increasing, and because the modern organizations' effectiveness depends on the decisions made by the managers. The question is how to select the most appropriate action to solve the problem satisfying all stakeholders.
In computing – programming there is almost always more than one solution to a problem and this is where Logical Reasoning used to. The main use of Logical Reasoning is to anticipate the outcomes of the algorithms that are designed to solve a problem, to help select the best solution. Consequently Logical reasoning is the systematic application of rules to problem solving and task completion. These rules could be mathematical, logical, programming, grammatical, engineering, scientific, story construction in fact anybody of rules based around a logical system.
The purpose of this report is to give information on the subject known as Logical reasoning and its use in Computer Science and computers in general. A historical background behind logic and Logical reasoning is firstly given, followed by an overview of the modern subject and the types it’s divided into. The types are then explained. The overlap between the field of logic and that of computer science is also given an explanation. The report ends with a brief overview on the subject and its tie to computer science and computing.
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.