Gas Distillation Lab Report

In the first acid extraction of benzocaine, the compound was dissolved in the organic solvent of dichloromethane. When the mixture was shaken with HCl, benzocaine’s amine group gained a proton and became more soluble in water than dichloromethane. This allowed the newly formed hydrochloric salt to migrate to the aqueous layer. However, the addition of NaOH to the acidic aqueous layer regenerated benzocaine by deprotonation, making it insoluble in the aqueous layer. The precipitation of an ionic salt was therefore recovered by vacuum filtration and had a tested melting point range of 85.1C-87.4C compared to 88C-90C, the literature melting point of benzocaine. The similarity in melting point ranges, but low percent yield of 30.37% proves that the extract was somewhat successful. Lower yields may be the result of spillage performed in the lab. In the second basic extraction, the organic layer now included benzoic acid and benzamide. When treated with NaOH to deprotonate benzoic acid, the newly formed sodium benzoate transitioned to the aqueous layer as a sodium salt. Benzoic acid is regenerated once again after the addition of HCl and became insoluble in the aqueous layer after protonation. Its precipitation was then filtered out for a 65.87% recovery. Compared to its literature melting point of 122.41C, the resulting 120.9C-123.5C melting range of the sample also supports the accuracy of the separation due to its similarities and high percent yield. In conclusion, the usage of base and acid liquid extraction was mostly successful in this experiment because it was able to efficiently and properly isolate the impure mixture into two separate components of benzocaine and benzoic acid. By performing the techniques of extraction and vacuum filtration, the similarities between literature and tested

The proof (twice the % alcohol) starts at its maximum and goes down (as the alcohol evaporates). If we start with a high concentration of alcohol, we will get the azeotrope (95% alcohol, 5% water) for a while, then the concentration will decrease.

The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to isolate and characterize clove oil in order to understand how to isolate organic compounds with high boiling points, how to perform and interpret qualitative tests for organic compound functionality, and to continue to learn how to perform and interpret IR spectrometry. Steam distillation was used in order to prevent the organic compound from decomposing at temperatures approaching the compound's boiling point.

Once the distillate had been collected into two separate vials, both distillates were washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.5-ml, 5%). The aqueous layer (lower) was extracted from both vials using a pipette and put into a chemical waste bin. The organic (alkene) layer was then dried with anhydrous calcium chloride pellets (3 pellets per vial). Both distillates were analyzed using gas chromatography, and each peak shown was identified to be one of the alkenes. Analysis of the graph was used to determine the major and minor products of the reaction.

Jaynil Patel Lab Partners: Meghan Harbaugh and Chaimae Oualid TA: Prabani Dissanayake Title: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture Introduction: Cyclohexane and Toluene are the two organic molecules that will go through the purification process. Both compounds are “colorless, flammable liquids, that dissolves with water” (Environmental protection Agency). The lab required using distillation, which is a process of separating liquids by cooling, heating, and condensing the vapors in order to purify the liquids. This process involves boiling a liquid to a certain degree till the liquid molecules are vaporized.

After the transesterification process was complete the LEA was separated from the biofuel, and water/methanol mixture using an Erlenmeyer filtering funnel utilizing both course and fine filters (Whatman 1541-125 and 1542-125). A 1:1 solvent to water ratio (300 mL) and a 3:1 solvent to chloroform ratio (100 mL) were added to induce a phase separation. Phase separation was allowed to occur overnight. Biofuel and chloroform were separated from the methanol/water mixture using a separation funnel. The chloroform and biofuel were separated by evaporating and recovering the chloroform by heating the mixture to 62°C and then running the chloroform gas through a condenser. Samples were taken of each product and byproduct excluding chloroform so that

surpassed the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius, thus vaporizing it and collecting it after it condensed. If all of this occurred, the ethanol concentration by weight should increase from Fraction 3-1 and the density of ethanol should have decreased.

The pH of fresh tap water in the aquarium is 7.8, however, the species in the aquarium desire acidic environments that fall in between pH of 5.5 and 6.5. Since distilled white vinegar solution is acidic, it can be an effective alternative in lowering the pH of water, depending on the results retrieved after running this experiment. For this experiment, the time, measured in minutes, will be the independent variable. The pH of the water after adding the treatment is the dependent variable, because the pH value is only retrievable from the experiment itself, depending on the time.

Eugenol was extracted from cloves using several different laboratory techniques. The three products compared were crude oil, eugenol, and eugenol acetate. The method of comparison for these molecules was thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and will be discussed throughout the paper. Using TLC, there was a clear distinction between the three products and the techniques demonstrated in this lab proved to be successful in extracting these products. The experiment’s results showed Rf values lower than expected, and the percent yield of eugenol acetate was 173% while the percent yield of eugenol was 38%.

5: RAW DATA Table 1: A raw data table showing the time taken (s) (±0.01 s) for 10.0 ±0.5 cm3 of oxygen gas to be evolved at different temperatures (K) (± 0.1 K) for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (0.1000± 0.0015 mol dm-3) with the catalase found in yeast. Temperature (K) (± 0.1 K) 297.0 ± 0.1 K 300.0 ± 0.1 K 303.0 ± 0.1 K 306.0 ± 0.1 K 309.0 ± 0.1 K Trials

The objective of this experiment was to calculate the lower concentration limit of detection and detection threshold through instrumental analysis and human psychophysics, respectively. These values were then statistically compared to determine the superior method and inherent advantages/disadvantages were reviewed.1 Gas chromatography (GC) is a critical tool in a wide array of applications relating to food analysis, for the separation of various compounds (especially volatiles) within a mixture is typically essential in the characterization of inherent aroma compounds and undesirable defects of a given food product. Therefore, accurate quantification/qualification using GC/human psychophysics is a crucial aspect of the research and development

Among the various solvents including water, chlorobenzene, ethylene glycol, DMSO and xylene investigated by Luyben (Luyben, 2008) to be used in the separation of acetone/chloroform mixture using extractive distillation, DMSO was found to

for food preservation [7]. Reports indicated that many extracts and essential oils of edible plants had

Clove is a renowned spice which is widely used in cuisines around the world. The natural end product of this nail like spice is of dark brown color. The word clove is derived from a Latin word “clavus” which means “nail”. It originates seven thousand and five hundred years BC back. Due to its unbelievable functions and amazing benefits it can be also called “the wonder spice”. A clove contains an oily compound beneath its hard exterior. This chemical compound “eugenol” is responsible for most of its miraculous advantages. Clove trees are cultivated in Madagascar only for medical purposes. Most people are still unaware of its importance, benefits and uses. Ensure limited intake of cloves must be used in minor amount to avoid side effects

Cloves are the dried flower buds of an aromatic tree are used as a spice in cuisines all over the world. Cloves are now harvested primarily in Indonesia , Madagascar , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and in India .Clove is the immature flower bud of the clove plant that is harvested and processed for culinary and medicinal use. The young bud is pink in color and then darkens to a fiery red, at which point it is harvested and dried turning a deep reddish brown. The small bud is composed of gums, tannins and volatile oil .The volatile oil of clove comprised of eugenol (85%), acetyl eugenol, methyl salicylate(wintergreen oil, found in many plants),pinen and vanillin .