Al-Ghazali begins his discussion of theodicy with a conditional statement that will frame the rest of his one-hundred-line discussion contained in his Ihya text. This conditional statement has as its antecedent a series of eight hypotheticals which are aimed at creating a hypothetical multitude of immensely knowledgeable and wise creatures. The antecedent contains the following hypotheticals: all creatures being as intelligent and knowledgeable as the most intelligent and knowledgeable human, God giving each creature the maximum knowledge and wisdom that their souls can handle, God then giving each creature the combined knowledge of all creatures, God revealing to each creature the consequences of things, God teaching each creature the mysteries of the transcendent world, God teaching each creature about divine favor, God making each creature aware of final punishments, God making each creature aware of good and evil and of benefit and harm. All of these components of the antecedent serve to set up a scenario in which there exists a multitude of extremely wise and knowledgeable creatures. These components are presented in lines one through sixteen of the passage quoted by Ormsby on his pages 38-41 of Theodicy in Islamic Thought. If the conditions of the antecedent were met, says Al-Ghazali, then another conditional claim would be the case. This second conditional claim, which is the consequent of the first conditional claim and is contained in lines sixteen through nineteen, has as its antecedent God asking all of the now hyper-wise and hyper-knowledgeable creatures to work together in creating the best possible arrangement of this world and of the transcendent world. If God asked this of the creatures in the hypothetical, Al-Ghazali says in lines nineteen through twenty-four that the creatures would produce an arrangement that is exactly identical to the way in which God has arranged His creation as it truly is. Al-Ghazali, in lines twenty-four through twenty-seven goes so far as to say that the product would not have subtracted or added as little as a gnat’s wing and that it would not have altered the position of a single particle of dust. The product of the creatures’ labors also would not differ from
Another statement that the book makes is that God stands apart from all other things in the special relationship of creator to creation. And the creation of humankind is the highpoint of all God's work of making and forming.
4. In what ways do these hadiths reflect common themes in many of the world’s “wisdom traditions,” and in what respects are they distinctly Islamic?
For Schleiermacher, in particular, and, additionally, the Islamic mystic Al-Ghazali, true religion was completely experiential and it should therefore be felt rather than thought. He believed that logic destroys religious experience because religious experience is a matter of intuitive knowledge, not processed knowledge. Intuition is belief, where as logic creates doubts. In many spiritual systems (religious or independent of religion) the human instinct is held in high regard. It was for this reason that Iqbal, the late Islamic philosopher of the modern era, disagreed with Al-Ghazali.
This allegory is one of the most strong allegories that describe human existence in its most philosophical and irreligious
There will always be philosophical interpretations that will create universal truths for many generations to come. In addition, these literary works enriches the audiences’ understanding of these texts as supremely important cultural and historical documents, for audiences who embrace their universal truths. Both generational audiences’ spiritual interpretations seemed to have, collectively, developed a text of extraordinary literary works that are overflowing with philosophical and truth-seeking richness.
In the Word of God exist the eternal truths, the species, the formal principles of things, which are the models of created beings. In the intellectual light imparted to us by the Word of God we know both the eternal truths and the ideas of real beings. God is the beginning and end of enerything.
A defining characteristic of humanity is our unparalleled ability to reason, to see the world in new ways and to reinvent it within our minds. Yet, a human mind without knowledge, one ignorant to the workings of its surroundings, is limited in what it can achieve, and changed in how it will act. In humankind’s creation stories portrayed in the Hebrew Bible and the Popol Vuh, the gods utilize human ignorance in difference ways. I will argue that while ignorance is used as a tool by the gods to guarantee human worship and thus their own existence in the Popol Vuh, the god of the Hebrew Bible concedes that total ignorance is detrimental to the advancement of the human race and uses it rather as a tool to advance humanity’s own success.
Thesis: In his book, No god but God, Reza Aslan recounts the history and teachings of Islam in order to deconstruct the barriers within interreligious comprehension.
8. According to the text, why is the conception or fear of an “Islamic World” irrational?
Man's knowledge of good and evil gives us the power to rule the world any way we please. A God or Gods no longer have control. Once Adam, who represents the life of the human race, took a bite from the fruit of the tree of knowledge man's fate was sealed. This knowledge insured, "Man was born to rule the world" (165).
Religions in southwestern Asia focus on a supreme deity, seem to be more doctrinaire, and not as flexible in interpretation. Through the use of religious texts, man can be guided by a supreme authority. In Document 2, the Islamic faith stresses that man’s existence is solely based on pleasing a single god through their actions. Although Document 5 discusses the reason for existence is to manage God’s creations, it still focuses on the fact that the center of control lies with a supreme power, rather than a sense of balance between nature and mankind. This contrasts with the belief systems of south and east Asia. In Document 6, the meaning of the “Word” is vague however a central power given designated to a supreme being is still in effect. The point of view also remains that of the infallibility of religious texts. Finally in Document 8, the reason for mankind existence is again, to emulate the path prescribed in the writings of religious texts. Human actions are watched, monitored, and eventually judged by one god. It is the responsibility of the supreme power to provide the path for mankind, and it is the responsibility of the individuals on Earth to follow the teachings of the religious texts
Firstly, the aim of this term paper is to provide the ordinary and non professional readers with an introduction to the theory of Ultimate Complexity which in other terms could be God or something which is morally good. From the initial existence of this universe by a big bang theory till today's advancement in science and technology proves that there is a constant transformation of simplicity to complexity. Man being the most developed form of complexity remains in the quest to find out what is right or wrong, good or evil, moral or immoral, and most importantly the purpose of existence. In the search for these questions one keeps on moving towards the difficult and unfortunately the complex. Secondly, we will analyze the application of theory of the ultimate complexity on the novel " Shantaram", by David Roberts. It
Within Sufism, Al-Ghazali defined the difference between Ilham (inspiration) and Ta’allum (reasoning or learning). He believes that inspiration and revelation in union with religion hold a superior position than reasoning that originates from philosophy. Rational knowledge, according to Al-Ghazali, is always relative to the senses. The knowledge of the senses, however, cannot be trusted as valid. True knowledge, known as the Truth, only comes through inspiration and revelation (McCarthy 378). Al-Ghazali introduces the aspect of God, or Allah, in the acquisition of perfect knowledge. “Inspiration can bring one closer to Allah than philosophical learning alone” (Inglis). Ultimately, this idea of Ilham brings with it the Supreme Reality which is equivalent to Truth (McCarthy 378). In practical terms, Al-Ghazali believes that the necessary Truths of the intellect begin from “a light which God most high cast into my breast. That light is the key to the greater part of knowledge” (Al-Ghazali 25). An individual can only experience this light of God if he or she has reached the “state.”
Now reading this verse might not conjure up amazing images in your head, but take a look around you and you will see an amazing world that defies the imagination of mortal man. If God had just created man and placed him on an empty planet with nothing to see, no mountains, no bodies of water, no canyons, etc, and asked man to create a world, would we have anything close to what we see around us today? I dare to say that we would probably still be living on an empty world all these years later. Only the one true God could create all that we see and hear.
The understanding and explanation of God and who He is, is a task that many philosophical and religious scholars have tried without much success. This is because questions keep arising. Several approaches have been used by scholars and philosopher to explain about God. Even so, most of these attempts to teach about God encompass around his manifestation since none describes his physical appearance. Additionally, in the Biblical texts as well as the Quran where Bible characters have seen God, they have often used personifications to explain their encounter with God. In this discussion, the study looks at understanding God as a manifestation of light. Moreover, the study also looks at how impossible it is to understand God. The entire review will be based on the Al-Ghazali’s statement that, "So glory be to Him who is hidden from creatures through the intensity of His manifestation and veiled from them because of the radiance of His light!" (I.65, p. 24 in our PDF). From this statement, the study proves three things: God is manifestation since he can only be described as such. God is light since He cannot be seen through human understanding (eyes). And God is intensely manifested to the point that He is hidden because His reality cannot be comprehended through human knowledge.