Grand Theorist Report: Ida Jean Orlando's Nursing Process Theory

For centuries the development of nursing knowledge has been influenced by numerous theorists and their respective theories. These theories have influenced, and continue to influence, nursing education, practice and research. (Johnson & Webber, 2005)

Nursing theories have been a fundamental tool used to explain, guide and improve the practice of nursing. Theorists have contributed enormously to the growth of nursing as a profession. The four grand theorists I chose are Virginia Henderson, Peplau, Myra Levine and Jean Watson. These theorists have contributed tremendously in the field of nursing through their theories, and research. One thing the theorists have in common is that they are patient centered. They are all concerned on ways we can improve our responsibility to the patients, their families and the environment. They have different ideas but they are all aiming towards achieving the same goal, which is patient satisfaction and safety. Their differences are in their areas of

The nurse understands she has the knowledge of the disease process, and the patient has the knowledge of how the disease affects himself. The second phase of the relationship is the working phase, where the patient identifies who can help them with their health care problem. The nurse looks at the health care problem from the patient perspective and begins educating the patient on their health care problem, therefore the educated patient is better able to collaborate with the nurse to determine what interventions are necessary and acceptable to the patient to achieve a patient centered health related goal. The termination phase is the final phase of the theory, the nurse and the patient determine how the patient will maintain their progress and continue to work on the health care goals independently without the assistance of nursing. (Deane, & Fain, 2016).

Theory±practice relationship only will be offered here. The content of nurse practitioners ' discourse is the principal concern of this paper.

A1. The nursing profession has evolved significantly over the decades. One of the factors that have greatly influenced these changes has been the involvement of nurses in the development of theories and data base needed to support the advancement of our profession. In the last half of the twentieth century, nurse researchers (1950s) and nurse theorists (1960s and 1970s) greatly contributed to the expanding body of nursing knowledge with their studies of nursing practice and the development of nursing models and theories (American Nurses Association, 2010, p. 16). Like in any other research activity, a special set of

As a nurse, an important part of the job is to be caring and helpful for the physical and mental aspects of the patient. The ideas of Jean Watson 's Caritas Processes help define how a nurse can show caring in themselves to their patients. Watson names the eight processes; then define they mean which is key to understanding how a nurse should act to their patients. The book as We Are Now by May Sarton helps show some examples of how these processes work in action and helps to form ideas of how one can improve as a nurse in the future.

With many theories on nursing, the nurse must determine which approach is best suited to her particular skills and patient population. In 1952 Hildegard E. Peplau presented her theory on interpersonal relations in regard to nursing care and practice, providing a model for nurses to aid patients in healing and overcoming illness through personal interaction (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 96).

Although working as a team to reach goals seems straight forward and logical, King’s theory is based on several assumptions. King believed that the nurse-patient working relationship is affected by how each sees the situation as well as how the goals, needs, and values. She believed in patient rights to personal information and to make decisions effecting their lives including the receipt of care. King knew that

“The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals. It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop in order to attain certain life goals. The factors that affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time” (Nursing Theory, 2011).   King desired to advance the profession of nursing by developing a framework and theory that can be understood and used by all nurses, in any situation. She not only developed the theory but she always remained active in the profession and availed herself to nursing students around the clock to aid with their knowledge and application of the theory right up until her sudden death in 2007.

Any nurse would admit that preparation to becoming a nurse is a difficult task. Mostly because the practice of nursing consists of many things to follow in order be a great nurse for the patient. To make the preparation less difficult for nurses or nurse to be, Ida Jean Orlando contributed to the Discipline of the Nursing Process to further prepare those in nursing. The Discipline of Nursing Process is a theoretical approach to nursing that follows a nurse-to-patient relationship that would improve the patient’s behavior to seek beneficence and autonomy of the patient (Orlando, 1972). This provides nurses or upcoming nurse the strategies to deal with real life circumstances in nursing and improves the skills of the nurse to improve a patient care. This piece will focus on the theorist, Ida Jean Orlando, the meaning of the nursing process and the reason for the nursing process, any discrepancies that may be associated with nursing such as medical procedures and professional nurses, studies associated with the use of the nursing process and how the nursing process influence personally.

Nursing theory is the backbone of nursing. It is very important in the application of evidence-based practice (EBP). The functions of a theory are to narrow and provide specific information for the analysis of initially confusing behaviors, situations, and events (Fawcett & Madeya 2013). Moreover, nursing theory helps to improve not only the quality of care that we are providing to our patients but, they also help us make better clinical decisions. As a matter of fact, nursing theory gives the nurse a framework for organizing and analyzing information as well as a base for identifying with their patients throughout the nurse-patient relationship (Schick, 2015). I am very much interested in all the theories. The one that I relate to the most is Hildegard Peplau’s theory. It is a middle range theory that focuses on interpersonal relations. This theory teaches us about how to interact with our patients so that they feel more in control of their treatment. In this paper, I will be talking about the importance of nursing, the summary of Peplau's theory, and how as future nurse practitioners, we can apply it.

Ernestine Wiedenbach was a nursing leader. She was born on August 18, 1900 in Hamburg, Germany. She moved to New York, United States in 1909. She graduated nursing from Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1925 and certified nurse midwife from maternity center association school nurse-midwife in New York 1946. She began her career as a maternity nursing instructor at Yale faculty in 1952. In 1954 and 1956, she worked as an assistant professor of obstetrics nursing and an associate professor respectively (Sante, 2011).

Orlando does not credit any theoretical sources in the development of her theory (Necor, 2014, p. 5). She formulated the deliberative nursing process from the considerable amount of data she recorded on nurse patient observations. She evaluated facts from those observations to develop her theory. Orlando proclaimed that her theory is valid and applied it in her work with patients and nurses and the teaching of students (Necor, 2014, p. 5).

Imogene M. King led a full and prosperous career both as a nurse and a nursing educator. For eleven years Imogene King worked at St. John’s School of Nursing as a medical-surgical instructor. She then went on to pursue her Master of Science in Nursing and a doctorate in education. Dr. King then became an associate professor at Loyola University in Chicago. While she was a professor, she put together a master’s degree program that she formed from her nursing concepts that eventually became her theory.

Nursing process discipline is a nursing theory developed by nursing theorist, Ida Jean Orlando. This theory, one of the first written about the nursing process, was written to help establish nursing as an independent function in providing health care for a patient. Through this independent nursing function, Orlando developed her theory on the concept of the nurse-patient interaction. During that interaction the nurse recognizes a patient behavior as an “… immediate need for help” (George, 2011, p. 165). This “immediate” need must be correctly identified by the nurse, so the nurse may provide care to relieve the need for help experienced by the patient. Orlando’s creation of the nursing process discipline helped to further establish