High Energy Molecules

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

ATP is the main energy molecule in cells and has a unique function as an energy transferor. This molecule contains nitrogenous base adenine connected to three molecules of phosphorus. The last 2 phosphates are high energy bonds. When ATP releases the terminal phosphate, energy is released while forming a new compound ADP. ADP can be remade with another phosphate to form ATP again

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is produced by photo-phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including active transport, respiration, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ATP is used is many organisms and also in different ways. Below are a few ways in which ATP is used.

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

This energy is used to re-form the bonds between ADP and P to make ATP.

Also, large substances such as, proteins are broken down by enzymes called proteases into amino acids, which is used and stored as energy. An example of this is; when the body gets exhausted the fuel which is converted from the protein is used as energy and also to repair worn out tissues to keep the body healthy and energised. It also stimulates the immune system and aids the body in ATP production.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical compound formed to provide the body with energy. The molecule is made up of 1 adenosine molecule and 3 phosphate molecules which can be seen as; (A + P + P + P = ATP). The body obtains ATP from carbohydrates, fats and proteins and only small amounts of ATP can be stored in muscle cells, for about 10 seconds only. It only takes the body around 3 minutes to fully restore its ATP supply.

All living cells require energy in order to proceed with cellular processes such as active transportation, and the synthesis of molecules. ATP (Adenine Tri-Phosphate) is a molecule, which provides energy in a form that cells can use for such cellular processes. Cellular

Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).

It’s important to understand that it takes energy to break bonds and that energy is released when bonds are formed.

ATP is used in all three systems, phosphagen, anaerobic, and aerobic as the primary energy source. How ATP is processed, used and renewed will depend on the speed, intensity and duration in contractions of our muscles.

Every time citric acid loses a carbon molecule, it releases a form of energy named NAD+ and its partner in crime, FAD. Remember NAD+? But wait Naida! How can you use NAD+ in glycolysis if you create it the step after? Well random person that I don’t know, these steps aren’t necessarily one after another.

All three of your energy systems ultimately run on ATP: It’s the fuel source for all your physical functions, from eating to breathing to running hill sprints. Your glycolytic and oxidative systems (which we’ll cover shortly) make most of this ATP to order, cobbling it together from the food you eat and the air you breathe as need arises.

Tasmania, a young supervisor that took over for Casper, commanded a high-energy level, was in great shape and totally motivated all the time. He worked fast and expected everyone to keep pace with him. Although there was some turnover as a result of Casper leaving Tasmania kept the office running at a high level. He understood all that transpired with Casper and was well versed in what to communicate, making sure that no important decisions ever hit Bootlick’s desk. He would thrive in the culture and learn many new skills in a short period of time. Eventually, Tasmania moved on and became a successful general manager in his own right.