History Of English Convicts

Between 1700 and 1900 a system familiar to our eyes emerged as a result of important changes. The 1800s very harsh and a lot of crime was done in that time. The laws, punishment and jail were similar, also very different from today's. In the 1800s the punishment was much more survivor and stick to it more than now. If you lived back in that time, it was usual to walk the streets and you see a hanging happening. This showing the cruelty and none caring of the people and how harsh the punishment was.

The prison reforms of the early nineteenth century was a revolutionary step in the modern era of prison protocol. Before pre-prison reforms, the staff at the prisons beat the inmates for disciplinary actions. The inmates were confined to a wide variety of places including closets, pens, cages, cellars, and stalls. Women children and the mentally insane were all housed in the same buildings. The purpose of the prison reforms was to make the prisons more humane and acceptable for human kind.

Between 1788 and 1868, as a punishment for crime, around 160 000 British and Irish convicts were transported to the Australian colonies. A decision was made to transport criminals to Australia in order for them to work. The decision was made against those who committed crimes. This was a beneficial settlement, which forced convicts to leave their country and work in Australia. The convicts, when transported to Australia, lived a very harsh and disciplined life.

In 1755 Herefordshire, England, William Eggleton was conceived. William's family was exceptionally poor likewise, he was a laborer with very little cash so was compelled to steal. 39 shillings worth of attire was taken on his behalf. At 31 years old his trial was held on Wednesday, 22 March 1786. William was discovered liable of robbery in this manner was sentenced 7 years of transportation to Australia. 13 May 1787, came the depature of William who travelled on the "Alexander." As this was the first arrangement of vessels to leave England with convicts, it was known as the First Fleet. 195 other male convicts travelled with him for 241 days until they achieved the shore of Botany Bay on the 18th January 1788.

For this unit, I decided to read Kafka’s “In the Penal Colony.” The author, Franz Kafka, was an early 20th century middle-class Jew who lived in Prague and wrote mostly in German. The present short story, published in 1919, refers to an unnamed penal colony somewhere in the tropics and focuses on four characters: the commander of the camp, an invited foreign dignitary, a guard, and a victim. The story revolves a twisted idea of justice, where the punishment does not fit the crime, and the condemned does not know neither the charge nor the nature of his punishment. Indeed, justice seems completely irrelevant to the commander who is only fascinated with the torturing as an art and science; the apotheosis of the latter represented with the torturing machine that resembles a CNC router that inscribes the accusation on the skin of the condemned who then dies slowly from bleeding.

The first fleet arrived at Botany Bay on the 18th of January 1788 which was later declared as an official prison. The Captain of the fleet, Captain Phillips however found out that the harbour was in lack of fresh water therefore was unsuitable for conviction. The fleet then redirected to Port Jackson which then marked the official first European landing on Sydney Harbour.

People who lived in the 13 colonies had a very rough life and nothing came easy for them. Nothing for them came without hard work. If they slacked of summer with their farms they would go hungry that winter, or might not even survive. Every single day there was work to be done and some women had to cook for lots of people and work until they felt very sick. Even young infants were helping around.

In the Elizabethan era, doing a crime was the worst mistake of all, depending on how big your crime was, people had to know that their lives were at risk. Every crime was big before, even “crimes of treason and offenses against the state were treated with that murder and rape today.”(Elizabethan Crime and Punishment) “Offenses such as manslaughter, robbery, rape, piracy and capital crimes entitled one to hanging, usually in the town square.” (Elizabethan crime and Punishment) During Queen Elizabeth’s time, the punishments were designed to fit the crime committed. A person may complain about the consequences of crimes one commits, but looking back at the Elizabethan times, punishments are far less brutal now than how they were then.

Convicts were first bought to Australia in the year 1788 with the first fleet which was led by Captain Arthur Phillips. In the first fleet, there were 11 ships with a total of 717 convicts aboard. The ships were called, Alexander, Borrowdale, Charlotte, Fishburn, Friendship, Golden Grove, Lady Penrhyn, Prince of Wales, Scarborough, HMS Sirius and HMS Supply. Out of these 11 ships, 6 of them were used to transport convicts. These 6 ships were, Alexander, Charlotte, Friendship, Lady Penrhyn, Prince of Wales and the last one was Scarborough. The other 5 were used to transport supplies. This voyage from England to Australia took over 252 days which would be 8 months and 1 week. The first fleet set sail on the 13th of May in the year 1787 from England

Have you ever wondered how many death row inmates there are just in California? 746. That is how inmates are currently waiting to be executed. Too many prisoners are being left behind death row for years, leaving us with money out of our pockets. Using Ethical Egoism and Utilitarianism will help us with this problem by keeping more money in our pockets, having less criminals locked up on death row, and by having a better living environment for our society.

Phillip suggested that people with experience in farming and building should be included on the fleet, but most of the convicts on the fleet were thieves. He set sail from Portsmouth in 13th of May 1787 with 11 ships filled with 1000 - 1400 people and sailed into Botany Bay, New South Wales, on the 18 of January 1788. A few days later Phillip discovered an appropriate spot at Port Jackson and on 26 January. 1030 people went ashore, 736 were convicts. The rest were marine officers.

Although Australia participated in lots of wars, it still has world connections with the United States of America, China, New Zealand, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. In Australia, has almost every religions, 64% are Christian, 25.8% are Catholic, 2.7% are Muslims and 0.7 are Hinduism. The natives in Australia are called the Aboriginals. They came from Asia, and there are 500-600 different groups of them. In the year of 1788, on January, the first fleet of the follow convicts, which were most English, arrived on Botany Bay: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. They were commanded by Captain Arthur Phillips.

The first fleet of convicts arrived on January of 1788 in Botany Bay. These convicts where from different parts of Scotland, Wales, England and Ireland, the majority of these passengers being English. This fleet was commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip.With

After watching this video, I believe that the most difficult thing about being in this prison during the 1800-1900's would be the isolation. Simply hearing how the walls were sound proof, they were punished for making noise, and they could only come out of their cells for baths once every two weeks, sent chills up my spine. According to studies, even perceived social isolation in humans alone can predict a cognitive decline, an increased chance for Alzheimer's, a lower permanent IQ, and more (Cacioppo, Hawkley, Norman, and Berntson,2011). If that can happen from perceived social isolation then one can only imagine how terrible living in constant social isolation would be.

Étienne-Jules Marey, a French scientist who is best known for his invention of chronophotography, was born on March 5, 1830 in Beaune, France. Marey first started his work by studying blood circulation in the human body. He then became more focused on the analyzation of heart beats, respiration, myography, and the movement of the body. Marey considered the body an animate machine, and wanted to breakdown the concept of movement. To study the precise movement of the wings of an insect, Marey constructed an artificial insect model in 1869 to replicate the figure 8 shape insects produced while flying. After studying the smaller movements of insects, Marey developed the concept of chronophotography by inventing the chronophotographic gun in 1882.