How Does Climate Change Affect Salmonella

There are many laws in the UK and EU which are designed to protect the environment. However there are two main Acts which were made to consolidate as many issues as possible, these are the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and the Environment Act 1995 (Hartshorne. J,1996). DEFRA is the UK government agency which is responsible for setting legislation and guidance on a number of environmental issues (DEFRA, No Date). Some important legislation which applies to supermarkets include laws on waste and recycling, genetic modification, and Climate

It requires anyone who is dealing with food to treat food in a committed, controlled and mannered way so it doesn’t harm any human who consumes it. To protect any human from getting harmed by the food they consume it is important that you do not include or remove anything from the food, do not treat the food in a way which can be damaging the consumer’s health, ensure that the food we serve or sell is meeting those consumers’ standards and make sure that the food is clearly labelled, advertised and presented in a way that is not wrong or in a way that it will not mislead consumers and buyers. This act will make sure all the food that is consumed is safe and eatable for humans and it will not cause them any harm or problems. An example relating to a health and social care setting is using different coloured chopping boards. This will prevent the spread of bacteria and any diseases and will reduce the risk of E.coli and food

Current environmental health problems that will likely exacerbate due to climate change include changes in air and water quality, and increase in parasite growth and chemical pollutants.

Regulations made to minimize the risk of illness through food are based on the government’s understanding of science. While food businesses consider both the quality and safety of food, the government focuses only on food safety.

There are regulatory bodies such as the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Food

Food Hygiene Legislation 2006 focuses the responsibility on food business operators to produce food safety. It states that the methods you use to ensure food safety is maintained should be effective and proportionate.

According to the World Health Organization, a 2008 study showed that in the last 100 years, the world has warmed by approximately 0.75oC (Cruickshank 354). This warming has been and is a major factor that has contributed to the increase of destructive weather events. Such could be true in the case of the deadly typhoon that struck the Philippines in November of 2013. These weather events, in turn, contribute to the fact that infectious disease is the cause of approximately 37 percent of all the deaths in the world. This statistic is only expected to increase as a result of global warming. Additionally, over 40% of the citizens of developing countries and less than 2% of the citizens of developed countries are infected at any given time (Chan et al. 330). This is a staggering inequality, and it is undeserved that many of the countries that are being the most affected did little to contribute to the cause of global warming. This is why developing countries were specifically chosen to be looked into opposed to the entire earth population. Now, that some context has been given, more specific examples and studies can be looked into.

Increasing temperatures are an immediate threat to the earth and its many diverse ecosystems. Our group chose to take an in depth look at the effects of climate change on freshwater fish species, specifically on the rising air and freshwater temperatures and how they affect a cold water dwelling fish species such as the trout. We will explore how the distribution of trout has changed over time with rising temperatures, how fires due to climate change affect trout populations, and lastly what the economic impacts of increased water temperatures will be on fisheries.

Epidemiological surveillance is a surveillance system can be viewed as an early warning system for the public, it requires that all notifiable diseases be reported to their local health department as soon as someone is diagnosed. This helps epidemiologist detect an epidemic at an early stage and enables them to take the necessary measures to control the spread of known diseases as well as new ones (Schneider & Schneider, 2017). This system also allows epidemiologists to set goals and track the progress and effectiveness of any of the interventions that have been implemented within the population (Who.int, 2017).

Public health surveillance is the continuous collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, which can be disseminated “to public health programs to stimulate public health action” (Thacker, Qualters, & Lee, 2012). Importation gathered by the surveillance can

The new FDA Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 (FSMA) was signed into law by President Obama on January 4, 2011. It aims to ensure the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus of federal regulators from responding to contamination to preventing it rather than relying primarily on reacting to problems after they occur. Everyone play a role in ensuring safe food from field to fork. The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) is the major inspection and reorganize of United State food safety practice since 1938. This is a big change to US food system, since the new regulations are not just for farms, but facilities that process food for people to eat. These new regulations are important for the food and Drug Administration to get these regulations right, thus that they improve food safety.

There are six core functions of epidemiology (Dicker, Coronado, Koo, & Parrish, 2012). The first function is public health surveillance. Public health surveillance can be defined as the method of collecting and analyzing data to better serve the health and well-being of the public efficiently and effectively. For example, if hospitals start seeing more cases of tuberculosis epidemiologists can analyze collected data to find a pattern or commonality among those who were treated. If they find that the majority of patients are from the same geographical location, they may want to concentrate their field investigation efforts in that area. Public health surveillance is important to the study of

“In the United States of America, for example, around 76 million cases of food-borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.”

In the majority of the countries, the government pays the delivery of the official food control fees. The cost of the official control is really expensive. The cost includes borders, sampling, equipment, inspectors and their pensions, administrators and so on. According to document of communication from the commission to the council and the European parliament (2013), more than 100,000 full-time staffs are assigned to performing official food controls in the EU. As the examples in the document, about 7,000 samples a year are checked for the pesticide residues in over 270 accredited laboratories; 736,806 samples were checked for the veterinary residues in 2010 and 320,000 samples were checked for the avian influenza in 2010.

The Food Hygiene, Health and Safety Act provides food hygiene regulations for people who work in the hospitality industry it reviews the legislation which regulate hygiene, health & safety practices. The Chefs role in the safe preparation and service of food is critical and the law states that a food handler has a legal responsibility to ensure that food is maintained in a hygienic & safe manner.